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A. Renzini

Publications and source records attributed to A. Renzini.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources

The angular momentum distribution and baryon content of star forming galaxies at z~1-3

We analyze the angular momenta of massive star forming galaxies (SFGs) at the peak of the cosmic star formation epoch (z~0.8-2.6). Our sample of ~360 log(M*/Msun) ~ 9.3-11.8 SFGs is mainly based on the KMOS3D and SINS/zC-SINF surveys of H$α$ kinematics, and collectively provides a representative subset of the massive star forming population. The inferred halo scale angular momentum distribution is broadly consistent with that theoretically predicted for their dark matter halos, in terms of mean spin parameter <$λ$> ~ 0.037 and its dispersion ($σ_{log(λ)}$~0.2). Spin parameters correlate with the disk radial scale, and with their stellar surface density, but do not depend significantly on halo mass, stellar mass, or redshift. Our data thus support the long-standing assumption that on average, even at high redshifts, the specific angular momentum of disk galaxies reflects that of their dark matter halos (j_d = j_DM). The lack of correlation between $λ$ x (j_d/j_DM) and the nuclear stellar density $Σ_{*}$(1kpc) favors a scenario where disk-internal angular momentum redistribution leads to "compaction" inside massive high-redshift disks. For our sample, the inferred average stellar-to-dark matter mass ratio is ~2%, consistent with abundance matching results. Including the molecular gas, the total baryonic disk-to-dark matter mass ratio is ~5% for halos near $10^{12}$ Msun, which corresponds to 31% of the cosmologically available baryons, implying that high-redshift disks are strongly baryon dominated.

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ISM excitation and metallicity of star-forming galaxies at z~3.3 from near-IR spectroscopy

We study the relationship between stellar mass, star formation rate (SFR),ionization state, and gas-phase metallicity for a sample of 41 normal star-forming galaxies at $3 \lesssim z \lesssim 3.7$. The gas-phase oxygen abundance, ionization parameter, and electron density of ionized gas are derived from rest-frame optical strong emission lines measured on near-infrared spectra obtained with Keck/MOSFIRE. We remove the effect of these strong emission lines in the broad-band fluxes to compute stellar masses via spectral energy distribution fitting, while the SFR is derived from the dust-corrected ultraviolet luminosity. The ionization parameter is weakly correlated with the specific SFR, but otherwise the ionization parameter and electron density do not correlate with other global galaxy properties such as stellar mass, SFR, and metallicity. The mass-metallicity relation (MZR) at $z\simeq3.3$ shows lower metallicity by $\simeq 0.7$ dex than that at $z=0$ at the same stellar mass. Our sample shows an offset by $\simeq 0.3$ dex from the locally defined mass-metallicity-SFR relation, indicating that simply extrapolating such relation to higher redshift may predict an incorrect evolution of MZR. Furthermore, within the uncertainties we find no SFR-metallicity correlation, suggesting a less important role of SFR in controlling the metallicity at high redshift. We finally investigate the redshift evolution of the MZR by using the model by Lilly et al. (2013), finding that the observed evolution from $z=0$ to $z\simeq3.3$ can be accounted for by the model assuming a weak redshift evolution of the star formation efficiency.

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Dust attenuation in z $\sim$ 1 galaxies from Herschel and 3D-HST H$α$ measurements

We combined the spectroscopic information from the 3D-HST survey with \textit{Herschel} data to characterize the H$α$ dust attenuation properties of a sample of 79 main sequence star-forming galaxies at $z \sim 1$ in the GOODS-S field. The sample was selected in the far-IR, at $λ$=100 and/or 160 $μ$m, and only includes galaxies with a secure H$α$ detection (S/N$>$3). From the low resolution 3D-HST spectra we measured the redshifts and the H$α$ fluxes for the whole sample (a factor of 1/1.2 was applied to the observed fluxes to remove the [NII] contamination). The stellar masses (M$_{\star}$), infrared (L$_{IR}$) and UV luminosities (L$_{UV}$) were derived from the SEDs by fitting multi-band data from GALEX near-UV to SPIRE 500 $μ$m. We estimated the continuum extinction E$_{star}$(B-V) from both the IRX=L$_{IR}$/L$_{UV}$ ratio and the UV-slope, $β$, and found an excellent agreement between the two. The nebular extinction was estimated from comparison of the observed SFR$_{Hα}$ and SFR$_{UV}$. We obtained \emph{f}=E$_{star}$(B-V)/E$_{neb}$(B-V)=0.93$\pm$0.06, i.e. higher than the canonical value of \emph{f}=0.44 measured in the local Universe. Our derived dust correction produces good agreement between the H$α$ and IR+UV SFRs for galaxies with SFR$\gtrsim$ 20 M$_{\odot}$/yr and M$_{\star} \gtrsim 5 \times 10^{10}$ M$_{\odot}$, while objects with lower SFR and M$_{\star}$ seem to require a smaller \emph{f}-factor (i.e. higher H$α$ extinction correction). Our results then imply that the nebular extinction for our sample is comparable to that in the optical-UV continuum and suggest that the \emph{f}-factor is a function of both M$_{\star}$ and SFR, in agreement with previous studies.

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Stellar density profile and mass of the Milky Way Bulge from VVV data

We present the first stellar density profile of the Milky Way bulge reaching latitude $b=0^\circ$. It is derived by counting red clump stars within the colour\--magnitude diagram constructed with the new PSF-fitting photometry from VISTA Variables in the V\'ıa Láctea (VVV) survey data. The new stellar density map covers the area between $|l|\leq 10^\circ$ and $|b|\leq 4.5^\circ$ with unprecedented accuracy, allowing to establish a direct link between the stellar kinematics from the Giraffe Inner Bulge Spectroscopic Survey (GIBS) and the stellar mass density distribution. In particular, the location of the central velocity dispersion peak from GIBS matches a high overdensity in the VVV star count map. By scaling the total luminosity function (LF) obtained from all VVV fields to the LF from Zoccali et al.(2003), we obtain the first fully empirical estimate of the mass in stars and remnants of the Galactic bulge. The Milky Way bulge stellar mass within ($|b|<9.5^\circ$, $|l|<10^\circ$) is $2.0\pm0.3\times 10^{10}M_{\odot}$.

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A higher efficiency of converting gas to stars push galaxies at z ~ 1.6 well above the star-forming main sequence

Local starbursts have a higher efficiency of converting gas into stars, as compared to typical star-forming galaxies at a given stellar mass, possibly indicative of different modes of star formation. With the peak epoch of galaxy formation occurring at z > 1, it remains to be established whether such an efficient mode of star formation is occurring at high-redshift. To address this issue, we measure the molecular gas content of seven high-redshift (z ~ 1.6) starburst galaxies with the Atacama Large (sub-)Millimeter Array and IRAM/Plateau de Bure Interferometer. Our targets are selected from the sample of Herschel far-infrared detected galaxies having star formation rates (~300-800 Msolar/yr) elevated (>4x) above the star-forming `main sequence', and included in the FMOS-COSMOS near-infrared spectroscopic survey of star-forming galaxies at z ~ 1.6 with Subaru. We detect CO emission in all cases at high levels of significance, indicative of high gas fractions (~30-50%). Even more compelling, we firmly establish with a clean and systematic selection that starbursts, identified as main-sequence outliers, at high redshift generally have a lower ratio of CO to total infrared luminosity as compared to typical main-sequence star-forming galaxies, although with a smaller offset than expected based on past studies of local starbursts. We put forward a hypothesis that there exists a continuous increase in star formation efficiency with elevation from the main sequence with galaxy mergers as a possible physical driver. Along with a heightened star formation efficiency, our high-redshift sample is similar in other respects to local starbursts such as being metal rich and having a higher ionization state of the interstellar medium.

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The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. V. Constraints on Formation Scenarios

We build on the evidence provided by our Legacy Survey of Galactic globular clusters (GC) to submit to a crucial test four scenarios currently entertained for the formation of multiple stellar generations in GCs. The observational constraints on multiple generations to be fulfilled are manifold, including GC specificity, ubiquity, variety, predominance, discreteness, supernova avoidance, p-capture processing, helium enrichment and mass budget. We argue that scenarios appealing to supermassive stars, fast rotating massive stars and massive interactive binaries violate in an irreparable fashion two or more among such constraints. Also the scenario appealing to AGB stars as producers of the material for next generation stars encounters severe difficulties, specifically concerning the mass budget problem and the detailed chemical composition of second generation stars. We qualitatively explore ways possibly allowing one to save the AGB scenario, specifically appealing to a possible revision of the cross section of a critical reaction rate destroying sodium, or alternatively by a more extensive exploration of the vast parameter space controlling the evolutionary behavior of AGB stellar models. Still, we cannot ensure success for these efforts and totally new scenarios may have to be invented to understand how GCs formed in the early Universe.

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The Subaru COSMOS 20: Subaru Optical Imaging of the HST COSMOS Field with 20 Filters

We present both the observations and the data reduction procedures of the Subaru COSMOS 20 project that is an optical imaging survey of the HST COSMOS field, carried out by using Suprime-Cam on the Subaru Telescope with the following 20 optical filters: 6 broad-band (B, g', V, r', i', and z'), 2 narrow-band (NB711 and NB816), and 12 intermediate-band filters (IA427, IA464, IA484, IA505, IA527, IA574, IA624, IA679, IA709, IA738, IA767, and IA827). A part of this project is described in Taniguchi et al. (2007) and Capak et al. (2007) for the six broad-band and one narrow-band (NB816) filter data. In this paper, we present details of the observations and data reduction for remaining 13 filters (the 12 IA filters and NB711). In particular, we describe the accuracy of both photometry and astrometry in all the filter bands. We also present optical properties of the Suprime-Cam IA filter system in Appendix.

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The Giraffe Inner Bulge Survey (GIBS) II. Metallicity distributions and alpha element abundances at fixed Galactic latitude

High resolution (R$\sim$22,500) spectra for 400 red clump giants, in four fields within $\rm -4.8^{\circ} \lesssim b \lesssim -3.4^{\circ}$ and $\rm -10^{\circ} \lesssim l \lesssim +10^{\circ}$, were obtained within the GIRAFFE Inner Bulge Survey (GIBS) project. To this sample we added another $\sim$ 400 stars in Baade's Window, observed with the identical instrumental configuration. We constructed the metallicity distributions for the entire sample, as well as for each field individually, in order to investigate the presence of gradients or field-to-field variations in the shape of the distributions. The metallicity distributions in the five fields are consistent with being drawn from a single parent population, indicating the absence of a gradient along the major axis of the Galactic bar. The global metallicity distribution is well fitted by two Gaussians. The metal poor component is rather broad, with a mean at $\rm <[Fe/H]>=-0.31$ dex and $σ=0.31$ dex. The metal-rich one is narrower, with mean $\rm <[Fe/H]>=+0.26$ and $σ=0.2$ dex. The [Mg/Fe] ratio follows a tight trend with [Fe/H], with enhancement with respect to solar in the metal-poor regime, similar to the one observed for giant stars in the local thick disc. [Ca/Fe] abundances follow a similar trend, but with a considerably larger scatter than [Mg/Fe]. A decrease in [Mg/Fe] is observed at $\rm [Fe/H]=-0.44$ dex. This \textit{knee} is in agreement with our previous bulge study of K-giants along the minor axis, but is 0.1 dex lower in metallicity than the one reported for the Bulge micro lensed dwarf and sub-giant stars. We found no variation in $α$-element abundance distributions between different fields.

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The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of galactic globular clusters. VI. The internal kinematics of the multiple stellar populations in NGC 2808

Numerous observational studies have revealed the ubiquitous presence of multiple stellar populations in globular clusters and cast many hard challenges for the study of the formation and dynamical history of these stellar systems. In this Letter we present the results of a study of the kinematic properties of multiple populations in NGC 2808 based on high-precision Hubble Space Telescope proper-motion measurements. In a recent study, Milone et al. have identified five distinct populations (A, B, C, D, and E) in NGC 2808. Populations D and E coincide with the helium-enhanced populations in the middle and the blue main sequences (mMS and bMS) previously discovered by Piotto et al.; populations A, B, and C correspond to the redder main sequence (rMS) that in the Piotto et al. was associated with the primordial stellar population. Our analysis shows that, in the outermost regions probed (between about 1.5 and 2 times the cluster half-light radius), the velocity distribution of populations D and E is radially anisotropic (the deviation from an isotropic distribution is significant at the ~3.5-sigma level). Stars of populations D and E have a smaller tangential velocity dispersion than those of populations A, B, and C, while no significant differences are found in the radial-velocity dispersion. We present the results of a numerical simulation showing that the observed differences between the kinematics of these stellar populations are consistent with the expected kinematic fingerprint of the diffusion towards the cluster outer regions of stellar populations initially more centrally concentrated.

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The FMOS-COSMOS survey of star-forming galaxies at z~1.6 III. Survey design, performance, and sample characteristics

We present a spectroscopic survey of galaxies in the COSMOS field using the Fiber Multi-Object Spectrograph (FMOS), a near-infrared instrument on the Subaru Telescope. Our survey is specifically designed to detect the Halpha emission line that falls within the H-band (1.6-1.8 um) spectroscopic window from star-forming galaxies with 1.4 < z < 1.7 and M_stellar>~10^10 Msolar. With the high multiplex capability of FMOS, it is now feasible to construct samples of over one thousand galaxies having spectroscopic redshifts at epochs that were previously challenging. The high-resolution mode (R~2600) effectively separates Halpha and [NII]6585 thus enabling studies of the gas-phase metallicity and photoionization state of the interstellar medium. The primary aim of our program is to establish how star formation depends on stellar mass and environment, both recognized as drivers of galaxy evolution at lower redshifts. In addition to the main galaxy sample, our target selection places priority on those detected in the far-infrared by Herschel/PACS to assess the level of obscured star formation and investigate, in detail, outliers from the star formation rate - stellar mass relation. Galaxies with Halpha detections are followed up with FMOS observations at shorter wavelengths using the J-long (1.11-1.35 um) grating to detect Hbeta and [OIII]5008 that provides an assessment of extinction required to measure star formation rates not hampered by dust, and an indication of embedded Active Galactic Nuclei. With 460 redshifts measured from 1153 spectra, we assess the performance of the instrument with respect to achieving our goals, discuss inherent biases in the sample, and detail the emission-line properties. Our higher-level data products, including catalogs and spectra, are available to the community.

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The ages, metallicities and element abundance ratios of massive quenched galaxies at z~1.6

We investigate the stellar population properties of a sample of 24 massive quenched galaxies at $1.25<z_\mathrm{spec}<2.09$ identified in the COSMOS field with our Subaru/MOIRCS near-IR spectroscopic observations. Tracing the stellar population properties as close to their major formation epoch as possible, we try to put constraints on the star formation history, post-quenching evolution, and possible progenitor star-forming populations for such massive quenched galaxies. By using a set of Lick absorption line indices on a rest-frame optical composite spectrum, the average age, metallicity [Z/H], and $α$-to-iron element abundance ratio [$α$/Fe] are derived as $\log(\mathrm{age}/\mathrm{Gyr})=0.04_{-0.08}^{+0.10}$, $\mathrm{[Z/H]}=0.24_{-0.14}^{+0.20}$, and $[α/\mathrm{Fe}]=0.31_{-0.12}^{+0.12}$, respectively. If our sample of quenched galaxies at $\langle z \rangle = 1.6$ is evolved passively to $z=0$, their stellar population properties will align in excellent agreement with local counterparts at similar stellar velocity dispersions, which qualifies them as progenitors of local massive early-type galaxies. Redshift evolution of stellar population ages in quenched galaxies combined with low redshift measurements from the literature suggests a formation redshift of $z_\mathrm{f} \sim 2.3$ around which the bulk of stars in these galaxies have been formed. The measured [$α$/Fe] value indicates a star formation timescale of $\lesssim 1$ Gyr, which can be translated into a specific star formation rate of $\simeq 1\,\mathrm{Gyr}^{-1}$ prior to quenching. Based on these findings, we discuss identifying possible progenitor star-forming galaxies at $z \simeq 2.3$. We identify normal star-forming galaxies, i.e, those on the star-forming main sequence, followed by a rapid quenching event, as likely precursors of the quenched galaxies at $\langle z \rangle = 1.6$ presented here.

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Zinc abundances in Galactic bulge field red giants: implications for DLA systems

Zinc in stars is an important reference element because it is a proxy to Fe in studies of damped Lyman-alpha systems, permitting a comparison of chemical evolution histories of bulge stellar populations and DLAs. In terms of nucleosynthesis, it behaves as an alpha element because it is enhanced in metal-poor stars. The aim of this work is to derive the iron-peak element Zn abundances in 56 bulge giants from high resolution spectra. These results are compared with data from other bulge samples, as well as from disk and halo stars, and damped Lyman-alpha systems, in order to better understand the chemical evolution in these environments. High-resolution spectra were obtained using FLAMES+UVES on the Very Large Telescope. We find [Zn/Fe]=+0.24+-0.02 in the range -1.3 < [Fe/H] < -0.5 and [Zn/Fe]=+0.06+-0.02 in the range -0.5 < [Fe/H] < -0.1, whereas for [Fe/H] > -0.1, it shows a spread of -0.60 < [Zn/Fe] < +0.15, with most of these stars having low [Zn/Fe]<0.0. These low zinc abundances at the high metallicity end of the bulge define a decreasing trend in [Zn/Fe] with increasing metallicities. A comparison with Zn abundances in DLA systems is presented, where a dust-depletion correction was applied for both Zn and Fe. Finally, we present a chemical evolution model of Zn enrichment in massive spheroids, representing a typical classical bulge.

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The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. III. A quintuple stellar population in NGC2808

In this study we present first results from multi-wavelength Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of the Galactic globular cluster GC NGC2808 as an extension of the Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic GCs (GO-13297 and previous proprietary and HST archive data). Our analysis allowed us to disclose a multiple-stellar-population phenomenon in NGC2808 even more complex than previously thought. We have separated at least five different populations along the main sequence and the red giant branch (RGB), that we name A, B, C, D and E (though an even finer subdivision may be suggested by the data). We identified the RGB bump in four out of the five RGBs. To explore the origin of this complex CMD, we have combined our multi-wavelength HST photometry with synthetic spectra, generated by assuming different chemical compositions. The comparison of observed colors with synthetic spectra suggests that the five stellar populations have different contents of light elements and helium. Specifically, if we assume that NGC2808 is homogeneous in [Fe/H] (as suggested by spectroscopy for Populations B, C, D, E, but lacking for Population A) and that population A has a primordial helium abundance, we find that populations B, C, D, E are enhanced in helium by Delta Y~0.03, 0.03, 0.08, 0.13, respectively. We obtain similar results by comparing the magnitude of the RGB bumps with models. Planned spectroscopic observations will test whether also Population A has the same metallicity, or whether its photometric differences with Population B can be ascribed to small [Fe/H] and [O/H] differences rather than to helium.

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UV Insights into the Complex Populations of M 87 Globular Clusters

We have imaged with HST's WFC3/UVIS the central 2.7$\times$2.7 arcmin$^2$ region of the giant elliptical galaxy M 87, using the ultraviolet filter F275W. In combination with archival ACS/WFC data taken through the F606W and F814W filters, covering the same field, we have constructed integrated-light UV-optical colors and magnitudes for 1460 objects, most of which are believed to be globular clusters belonging to M 87. The purpose was to ascertain whether the multiple-populations syndrome, ubiquitous among Galactic globular clusters (GCs), exists also among the M 87 family of clusters. To achieve this goal, we sought those GCs with exceptionally blue UV-to-optical colors, because helium-enriched sub-populations produce a horizontal-branch morphology that is well populated at high effective temperature. For comparison, integrated, synthetic UV$-$optical and purely optical colors and magnitudes have been constructed for 45 Galactic GCs, starting from individual-star photometry obtained with the same instruments and the same filters. We identify a small group of M 87 clusters exhibiting a radial UV$-$optical color gradient, representing our best candidate GCs hosting multiple populations with extreme helium content. We also find that the central spatial distribution of the bluer GCs is flattened in a direction parallel to the jet, while the distribution of redder GCs is more spherical. We release to the astronomical community our photometric catalog in F275W, F606W and F814W bands and the high-quality image stacks in the same bands.

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The Hubble Space Telescope UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. IV. Helium content and relative age of multiple stellar populations within NGC 6352

In this paper we combine WFC3/UVIS F275W, F336W, and F438W data from the "UV Legacy Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters: Shedding Light on Their Populations and Formation" (GO-13297) HST Treasury program with F606W, F625W, F658N, and F814W ACS archive data for a multi-wavelength study of the globular cluster NGC 6352. In the color-magnitude and two-color diagrams obtained with appropriate combination of the photometry in the different bands we separate two distinct stellar populations and trace them from the main sequence to the subgiant, red giant, horizontal and asymptotic giant branches. We infer that the two populations differ in He by Delta Y=0.029+/-0.006. With a new method, we also estimate the age difference between the two sequences. Assuming no difference in [Fe/H] and [alpha/Fe], and the uncertainties on Delta Y, we found a difference in age between the two populations of 10+/-120 Myr. If we assume [Fe/H] and [alpha/Fe] differences of 0.02 dex (well within the uncertainties of spectroscopic measurements), the total uncertainty in the relative age rises to ~300 Myr.

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Evidence for Mature Bulges and an Inside-out Quenching Phase 3 Billion Years After the Big Bang

Most present-day galaxies with stellar masses $\geq10^{11}$ solar masses show no ongoing star formation and are dense spheroids. Ten billion years ago, similarly massive galaxies were typically forming stars at rates of hundreds solar masses per year. It is debated how star formation ceased, on which timescales, and how this "quenching" relates to the emergence of dense spheroids. We measured stellar mass and star-formation rate surface density distributions in star-forming galaxies at redshift 2.2 with $\sim1$ kiloparsec resolution. We find that, in the most massive galaxies, star formation is quenched from the inside out, on timescales less than 1 billion years in the inner regions, up to a few billion years in the outer disks. These galaxies sustain high star-formation activity at large radii, while hosting fully grown and already quenched bulges in their cores.

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The SINS/zC-SINF Survey of z~2 Galaxy Kinematics: Rest-frame Morphology, Structure, and Colors from Near-infrared Hubble Space Telescope Imaging

We present the analysis of HST $J$- and $H$-band imaging for 29 galaxies on the star-forming main sequence at $z\sim2$, which have Adaptive Optics VLT SINFONI integral field spectroscopy from our SINS/zC-SINF program. The SINFONI H$α$ data resolve the on-going star-formation and the ionized gas kinematics on scales of $1-2$ kpc; the near-IR images trace the galaxies' rest-frame optical morphologies and distributions of stellar mass in old stellar populations at a similar resolution. The global light profiles of most galaxies show disk-like properties well described by a single Sérsic profile with $n\sim1$, with only $\sim15%$ requiring a high $n>3$ Sérsic index, all more massive than $10^{10}M_\odot$. In bulge+disk fits, about $40%$ of galaxies have a measurable bulge component in the light profiles, with $\sim15%$ showing a substantial bulge-to-total ratio $B/T\ge0.3$. This is a lower limit to the frequency of $z\sim2$ massive galaxies with a developed bulge component in stellar mass because it could be hidden by dust and/or outshined by a thick actively star-forming disk component. The galaxies' rest-optical half-light radii range between $1-7$ kpc, with a median of 2.1 kpc, and lie slightly above the size-mass relation at these epochs reported in the literature. This is attributed to differences in sample selection and definitions of size and/or mass measurements. The $(u-g)_{rest}$ color gradient and scatter within individual $z\sim2$ massive galaxies with $\ge10^{11}M_\odot$ are as high as in $z=0$ low-mass, late-type galaxies, and are consistent with the high star-formation rates of massive $z\sim2$ galaxies being sustained at large galactocentric distances.

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Extreme emission-line galaxies out to z$\sim$1 in zCOSMOS. I. Sample and characterization of global properties

We present a thorough characterization of a large sample of 183 extreme emission-line galaxies (EELGs) at redshift 0.11 < z < 0.93 selected from the 20k zCOSMOS Bright Survey because of their unusually large emission line equivalent widths. We use multiwavelength COSMOS photometry, HST-ACS I-band imaging and optical zCOSMOS spectroscopy to derive the main global properties of EELGs, such as sizes, masses, SFRs, reliable metallicities from both "direct" and "strong-line" methods. The EELGs are compact (R_50 ~ 1.3 kpc), low-mass (log(M*/Msol)~7-10) galaxies forming stars at unusually high specific SFR (log(sSFR/yr) up to ~ -7) compared to main sequence SFGs of the same stellar mass and redshift. At UV wavelengths, the EELGs are luminous and show high surface brightness and include strong Ly$α$ emitters, as revealed by GALEX spectroscopy. We show that zCOSMOS EELGs are high-ionization, low-metallicity systems, with median 12+log(O/H)=8.16, including a handful of extremely metal-deficient galaxies (<10% solar). While ~80% of the EELGs show non-axisymmetric morphologies, including clumpy and tadpole galaxies, we find that ~29% of them show additional low surface-brightness features, which strongly suggest recent or ongoing interactions. As star-forming dwarfs in the local Universe, EELGs are most often found in relative isolation. While only very few EELGs belong to compact groups, almost one third of them are found in spectroscopically confirmed loose pairs or triplets. We conclude that EELGs are galaxies caught in a transient and probably early period of their evolution, where they are efficiently building-up a significant fraction of their present-day stellar mass in an ongoing galaxy-wide starburst. Therefore, the EELGs constitute an ideal benchmark for comparison studies between low- and high-redshift low-mass star-forming galaxies.

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