arXiv subjects

A. Tortosa

Publications and source records attributed to A. Tortosa.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

The WISSHFUL program: the highest redshift UFO discovered in a non-lensed QSO

We present the first results from the WISSHFUL program, an XMM-Newton heritage program targeting luminous QSOs at Cosmic Noon. We report on recent simultaneous XMM-Newton and NuSTAR observations of the Super-Eddington accreting quasar WISSH13 at z=3.294, which provide the highest quality broadband X-ray spectrum to date for a non-lensed QSO at this redshift. Physical modeling of the continuum reveals a soft photon index ($\Gamma\sim2$) and strong reflection ($R\sim1.4-1.8$), despite the weak narrow Fe emission, and a low high-energy cut-off ($E_{cut}\sim60-80$ keV, $kTe = 15-20$ keV, depending on the model adopted). Most notably, we detect two significant (at $96.7\%$ and $98.9\%$ confidence level, respectively) absorption features at $\sim7.5$ and $\sim10$ keV rest-frame, interpreted as a blueshifted blend of Fe XXV He$\alpha$ and Fe XXVI Ly$\alpha$. These features indicate the presence of two kinematic components of a highly ionized, high column Ultra-Fast Outflow (UFO) with a velocity of $v_{out}\sim0.1c$ and $v_{out}\sim0.3c$, respectively. The slower wind is consistently detected in an archival 2017 XMM-Newton observation, whereas the faster wind is detected only in 2024. This stratified and variable wind exhibits extreme energetics, with a mass outflow rate of $\dot{M}_{out}\sim20M_{\odot}/yr$ (corresponding to $15\% \dot{M}_{acc}$) for each component, and a kinetic power of the order of $\sim1$ and $\sim10\%$ of the bolometric luminosity, respectively. While this represents one of the most powerful UFOs ever detected, its kinetic power is a similar fraction of the QSO's bolometric luminosity compared to lower-redshift AGN. We present several theoretical frameworks to explain the peculiar accretion and ejection properties of this remarkable QSO at Cosmic Noon.

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arXiv2026

An X-ray and optical spectral study of the changing-look narrow-line Seyfert 1 2MASX J0413-0050

Active galactic nuclei (AGN) showing dramatic spectral and flux variations, either due to changes in the accretion rate (changing-state, CS-AGN) of the supermassive black hole or in the line-of-sight column density (changing-obscuration, CO-AGN), have been classified as changing-look (CL) AGN. Here we present a peculiar source, 2MASX J0413-0050, first identified as a narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLS1s) galaxy in 2004. When re-observed twice in 2021, it showed a transition in the spectral type (towards a Seyfert 1.9) and the complete and mysterious disappearance of the Hbeta line while source was in a high accretion state. In the meantime, the X-ray flux decreased between observations taken in 2020 and 2022, and again in the most recent spectrum of 2023. Shortly after this, another optical spectrum revealed the re-emergence of both the narrow and broad Hbeta components (Seyfert 1.8). Despite the fact that it was not possible to retrieve the line-of-sight column density from the X-ray spectra, which would have helped in assessing whether this event could be attributed to a CO AGN scenario, the observational evidence does not necessarily support such an interpretation. J0413-0050 may have undergone several switch-on switch-off phases over the past 20 years, on an unknown timescale, which could have affected the accretion power and, consequently, the optical continuum and so the emission lines coming from the broad-line region (BLR). For these reasons, it is reasonable to classify this source as a CS-AGN. The case of J0413-0050 supports the hypothesis that NLS1s can indeed experience CL phenomena.

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arXiv2026

Is XRISM/Resolve probing a "raining" absorber in Mrk 509?

X-ray spectroscopy of AGN offers unique insights into the reprocessing of radiationand gas dynamics near SMBH. The Sey 1 galaxy Mrk 509 is an ideal laboratory for these studies since its complex FeK$\alpha$ in emission and the past evidences of transient and fast flows. We present the first high-resolution 2-12 keV spectrum of Mrk 509 obtained with the Resolve calorimeter on-board XRISM, complemented with XMM-Newton and NuSTAR observations to constrain the broadband continuum. We modeled the spectra using self-consistent reflection models for the continuum and emission lines, and photoionized plasma models for the absorption components. The XRISM/Resolve spectrum reveals a narrow FeK$\alpha$ core resolved with $\sigma \sim 10 eV$ (v$_{FWHM} \sim$ 1100 km/s) and a broader component with $\sigma \sim 450 eV$. We also find tentative evidence (3.6$\sigma$) for a ionized absorber. The data suggest that this component is infalling with a velocity of $v_{in} \sim 11000$ km/s and that it is located within few thousands gravitational radii. The narrow FeK$\alpha$ emission is consistent with an origin in the dusty torus, while the broad component arises from the inner BLR or in the accretion disk (R$\sim 30--120 r_g$). Relativistic reflection modeling indictaes the inner edge if the emitting disk to R$\geq 27 r_g$. If confirmed, the high velocity inflow would likely represent fragmented clumps of a "failed wind" raining onto the accretion disk. providing potential direct evidence that non-standard accretion processes coexist with canonical disk-like flows in the inner regions of AGNS.

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arXiv2026

Ultra-thick warm absorbers: Enlarging the parameter space of AGN ionised outflows

The analysis of X-ray absorption features in active galactic nuclei (AGN) provides a wealth of information about the physical properties of the matter surrounding supermassive black holes (SMBHs). While standard correlations between the ionisation state, column density, and velocity typically distinguish between disc winds and warm absorbers, some sources exhibit properties that significantly deviate from these trends. We investigate a class of X-ray absorbers, which we define as ultra-thick warm absorbers (UTWAs), identified in a sample of 12 AGN. These absorbers are characterised by exceptionally high column densities and ionisation parameters (($\log (N_{\rm H}/\rm cm^{-2})\gtrsim22.5$ and $0.5 \lesssim \log(\xi/\rm erg~cm~s^{-1})$ $ \lesssim 2.5$)) that lie outside the typical ranges observed in standard warm absorbers. We performed detailed X-ray spectral analyses of both unpublished and archival {\it XMM-Newton}, {\it NuSTAR}, and {\it Swift} datasets to characterise the physical properties of UTWAs in four of these twelve sources. We studied their variability on timescales ranging from days to years and explored their connection with other spectral features. All AGN hosting UTWAs in our sample exhibit extreme soft X-ray variability, in some cases up to an order of magnitude, primarily driven by changes in the absorbing gas. In a subset of these sources (four out of 12), the UTWAs are accompanied by signatures of ultra-fast outflows (UFOs) in the Fe K$\alpha$ energy range. UTWAs represent a rare but crucial phase of AGN feedback. We discuss their physical origin, their potential connection with UFOs, and provide insights into why these high-column density, unusually ionised absorbers appear so rarely in local AGN samples.

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arXiv2026

Supermassive Black Hole Winds in X-rays: SUBWAYS V. Properties of hot coronae in quasars at intermediate redshift

We present the X-ray analysis of coronal properties in a statistically representative sample of 23 mostly radio-quiet AGN from the SUBWAYS campaign (SUpermassive Black holes Winds in XrAYs), focusing on quasars at redshifts $0.1 < z < 0.4 $ and bolometric luminosities $2 \times 10^{44} <L_{bol}(erg/s) < 2 \times 10^{46}$. The main aim of this work is to investigate the properties of the hot corona through the study of the hard X-ray band emission, including a proper treatment of the soft X-ray band. High-quality X-ray spectra from XMM-Newton, complemented by NuSTAR data extending up to 30-40 keV in the rest frame, are available for this sample. The soft X-ray band (0.3-2 keV) spectrum is best fitted by a warm corona model with a median temperature of 0.40 keV, and an optical depth in the range $\tau$=20 - 40, consistent with previous results on lower luminosity sources. The hard X-ray band is well described using a hot corona model, with a median high-energy cut-off of 87 keV, at the lower end of the distribution of typical values found in Seyfert galaxies (100 - 200 keV). The derived median value of the optical depth ($\tau$ = 1 - 5) suggests the presence of a moderately optically thick corona. Combining the SUBWAYS results with literature samples at low and high redshift, we assemble the largest sample to date of AGN with E$_{cut}$ and accretion parameter measurements, finding a significant anticorrelation of E$_{cut}$ with both $\lambda_{Edd}$ and $L_{bol}$ with the median E$_{cut}$ decreasing from 250 - 300 keV at low accretion rates and luminosities to 90 - 100 keV at high accretion rates and luminosities - consistent with enhanced coronal cooling, possibly driven by pair-production. These results favor cooler, optically thicker coronae in luminous AGN compared to those in lower-luminosity Seyfert galaxies.

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arXiv2026

The X-ray weakness of Little Red Dots and JWST-selected AGN: comparison with local AGN in different accretion regimes

We investigate the origin of the observed X-ray weakness in high z LRDs and other JWST-selected broad line AGN by comparing their X-ray and optical properties with those of a diverse sample of low z AGN, including super-Eddington accreting massive black holes (SEAMBHs), NLS1s, and type I AGN from large surveys. We examine the relations between X-ray luminosity, broad H{\alpha} line luminosity, Eddington ratio, bolometric luminosity and X-ray-to-bolometric luminosity correction, and explore whether high z sources may represent analogues of local highly accreting systems. While a few LRDs and JWST-selected AGN are consistent with the SEAMBHs population in the $L_x/L_{H{\alpha}}$ versus $\lambda_{Edd}$ plane, most lie below it, suggesting either more extreme accretion conditions, suppressed coronal emission or heavy obscuration. We identify an anti-correlation between $L_x/L_{H\alpha}$ and $\lambda_{Edd}$ in the low z, high accreting subsample, consistent with theoretical expectations of slim-disc accretion. We further show that, for SEAMBHs, $H\alpha$-based bolometric luminosities underestimate SED-based values even after dust correction. We find that SEAMBHs, LRDs, and JWST-selected AGN occupy a similar high-$\kappa_{bol,x}$ regime, indicating that the relative deficit of X-ray emission compared to the bolometric output could potentially support the view that soft X-ray spectra arising from relatively cold coronae is a common feature of highly accreting systems across cosmic time. Our results are consistent with the idea that the observed X-ray weakness of LRDs and JWST-selected AGN may be linked to the physics of highly accreting SMBHs. Moreover, observational limitations at high z, including instrumental sensitivity and the steep X-ray spectra expected for highly accreting systems, likely further suppress the detected X-ray signal.

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arXiv2026

A XRISM view of the iron line complex in NGC 1068: Rethinking the prototypical Compton-thick AGN

We analyze a XRISM/Resolve observation of NGC1068, focusing on the Fe K$\alpha$ and Fe K$\beta$ fluorescent lines and on the Fe XXV and Fe XXVI emission complexes. Line centroid energies, intrinsic widths, flux ratios, and constraints on the Compton shoulder are derived through local spectral fitting, and compared with atomic calculations and theoretical predictions. The centroid energies of the Fe K$\alpha$ and Fe K$\beta$ lines tightly constrain the emitting material to be neutral or near-neutral. The observed Fe K$\beta$/K$\alpha$ ratio, together with the stringent upper limit on the Compton shoulder ($\lesssim$8--11% of the core flux), disfavour reflection dominated by a homogeneous, classical Compton-thick medium, indicating that most of the neutral Fe K$\alpha$ emission arises in optically thin or moderately Compton-thick gas. The Fe XXV and Fe XXVI emission lines exhibit remarkably large velocity widths, of several thousand km~s$^{-1}$. These broad profiles closely resemble the integrated optical and infrared [O III] and [O IV] lines associated with the large-scale biconical outflow, and are naturally interpreted as the X-ray signature of a more highly ionized, faster, and more spatially confined phase of the same outflow. The iron-K emission of NGC1068 reveals a stratified circumnuclear environment in which neutral and highly ionized components arise in physically distinct regions. The neutral Fe K fluorescence originates predominantly in optically thin or mildly Compton-thick material, despite the persistently Compton-thick line-of-sight obscuration, indicating a geometrically complex cold reprocessor. The highly ionized iron emission lines trace a fast component consistent with a warm bipolar outflow on parsec scales, whose large velocities and inferred energetics suggest that it may represent an efficient channel for feedback in a heavily obscured Seyfert galaxy.

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arXiv2026

NOCTURNE. I. The radio spectrum of narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies

The origin of the radio emission in active galactic nuclei (AGN) is still debated. Multiple physical mechanisms can contribute to the spectrum at these frequencies, including relativistic jets, the jet base, outflows, star formation, and synchrotron emission from the hot corona. Recently, new extreme radio variability has been observed in the class of low-mass/high-Eddington AGN known as narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) galaxies, suggesting that another, more exotic mechanism may also play a role, especially at frequencies above 10 GHz. To investigate this relatively unexplored area of the radio spectrum, we observed a sample of 50 NLS1s with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (JVLA), and 20 of them were observed twice. In this sample, 24 sources were not detected, while the others are typically characterized by a steep spectrum that can be modeled with a power law. We also identified two new candidate jetted NLS1s, including a high-frequency peaker, which is an extremely young relativistic jet. We found no significant variability in the sources observed twice. We conclude that the radio spectrum of NLS1s is typically dominated by optically thin emission, likely from low-power outflows, or by circumnuclear star formation, with a limited contribution from relativistic jets. Further studies at different spatial scales and at other wavelengths are necessary to fully constrain the origin of the radio emission in this class of active galaxies.

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arXiv2025

XRISM/Resolve reveals the complex iron structure of NGC 7213: Evidence for radial stratification between inner disk and broad-line region

We present the first high-resolution X-ray spectrum of NGC 7213 obtained with XRISM/Resolve, supported by simultaneous XMM-Newton, NuSTAR, and SOAR optical data. The XRISM spectrum resolves the neutral Fe\,K$\alpha$ into two components: a narrow core ($\rm FWHM = 650_{-220}^{+240}\,\rm km\,s^{-1}$) consistent with emission at the dust sublimation radius, and a broader, asymmetric line best described by disk-like emission from $\sim 100\,\rm R_{g}$. This disk component mirrors the profile of the double-peaked H$\alpha$ line observed in the optical. In addition, we detect broadened Fe XXV and Fe XXVI emission lines whose inferred locations bridge the gap between the inner disk and the optical broad-line region. The weak narrow Fe K$\alpha$ equivalent width ($\rm EW = 32 \pm 6\,eV$) and absence of a Compton hump imply a low-covering-fraction, Compton-thin torus. Together, these results reveal a radially stratified structure in NGC 7213, spanning nearly four orders of magnitude in radius, and place the source in an intermediate accretion state ($\rm \lambda_{Edd} = 0.001-0.01$) where the inner disk and BLR remain, while the torus shows signs of dissipation.

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arXiv2025

The WISSH quasar project. XII. X-ray view of the most luminous quasi-stellar objects at Cosmic Noon

To improve our knowledge of nuclear emission in luminous QSOs at Cosmic Noon, we studied the X-ray emission of the WISE/SDSS-selected hyper-luminous (WISSH) QSO sample: 85 broad-line AGN with $L_{bol}>few\times 10^{47}\,erg\,s^{-1}$ at $z\sim 2-4$. Our aim is to characterise their X-ray spectra and explore relations between X-ray luminosity and other bands, comparing powerful QSOs with the general AGN population. We performed spectral analysis for about half of the sample; 16 sources were analysed via their hardness ratio; for the others we estimated their intrinsic luminosity $L_{2-10\,keV}$. Only 8 sources are undetected. We report a large dispersion in $L_{2-10\,keV}$ despite the narrow distribution of $L_{bol}$, $L_{2500\,\r{A}}$ and $\lambda L_{6\,\mu m}$ (about one-third of the sources classified as X-ray weak). This suggests differences in X-ray corona and accretion flow physics between hyper-luminous and less powerful AGN. X-ray photon index distribution is consistent with that of lower-$z$, lower-$L_{bol}$ AGN, and does not depend on the Eddington ratio ($\lambda_{Edd}$) or X-ray weakness. Most WISSH QSOs with intrinsic absorption estimates show little to no obscuration ($N_H \le 5\times 10^{22}\,cm^{-2}$). Among the obscured sources we find blue QSOs without broad absorption lines within the "forbidden region" of the $Log(N_H)-Log(\lambda_{Edd})$ plane, typically occupied by dust-reddened QSOs and associated with intense feedback. We confirm a correlation between $L_{2-10\,keV}$ and CIV line blueshift, a tracer of nuclear ionized outflows. Multi-wavelength data and complete X-ray coverage enabled the investigation of the disk-corona interplay at the highest luminosity regimes. The broad distribution of bolometric correction and X-ray - to - optical index suggest caution when using $L_{bol}$, $L_{2500\,\r{A}}$ or $L_{6\,\mu m}$ as direct X-ray proxy for individual luminous QSOs.

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arXiv2025

HYPERION: broad-band X-ray-to-near-infrared emission of Quasars in the first billion years of the Universe

We aim at characterizing the X-ray-to-optical/near-infrared broad-band emission of luminous QSOs in the first Gyr of cosmic evolution to understand whether they exhibit differences compared to the lower-\textit{z} QSO population. Our goal is also to provide for these objects a reliable and uniform catalog of SED fitting derivable properties such as bolometric and monochromatic luminosities, Eddington ratios, dust extinction, strength of the hot dust emission. We characterize the X-ray/UV emission of each QSO using average SEDs from luminous Type 1 sources and calculate bolometric and monochromatic luminosities. Finally we construct a mean SED extending from the X-rays to the NIR bands. We find that the UV-optical emission of these QSOs can be modelled with templates of $z\sim$2 luminous QSOs. We observe that the bolometric luminosities derived adopting some bolometric corrections at 3000 Å ($BC_{3000\textÅ}$) largely used in the literature are slightly overestimated by 0.13 dex as they also include reprocessed IR emission. We estimate a revised value, i.e. $BC_{3000\textÅ}=3.3 $ which can be used for deriving $L_\text{bol}$ in \textit{z} $\geq$ 6 QSOs. A sub-sample of 11 QSOs is provided with rest-frame NIR photometry, showing a broad range of hot dust emission strength, with two sources exhibiting low levels of emission. Despite potential observational biases arising from non-uniform photometric coverage and selection biases, we produce a X-ray-to-NIR mean SED for QSOs at \textit{z} $\gtrsim$ 6, revealing a good match with templates of lower-redshift, luminous QSOs up to the UV-optical range, with a slightly enhanced contribution from hot dust in the NIR.

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arXiv2024

A second view on the X-ray polarization of NGC 4151 with IXPE

We report on the second observing program of the active galactic nucleus NGC 4151 with simultaneous Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE; {\sim}750 ks), NuSTAR ({\sim}60 ks), XMM-Newton ({\sim}75 ks), and NICER ({\sim}65 ks) pointings. NGC 4151 is the first Type 1 radio-quiet Seyfert galaxy with constrained polarization properties for the X-ray corona. Despite the lower flux state in which the source is re-observed and the resulting higher contribution of the constant reflection component in the IXPE energy band, our results are in agreement with the first detection. From polarimetric analysis, a polarization degree Π = 4.7 {\pm} 1.3 percent and angle Ψ = 77° {\pm} 8° east of north (68 percent confidence level) are derived in the 2.0 - 8.0 keV energy range. Combining the two observations leads to polarization properties that are more constrained than those of the individual detections, showing Π = 4.5 {\pm} 0.9 percent and Ψ = 81° {\pm} 6° (with detection significance {\sim}4.6σ). The observed polarization angle aligns very well with the radio emission in this source, supporting, together with the significant polarization degree, a slab or wedge geometry for the X-ray corona. However, a switch in the polarization angle at low energies (37° {\pm} 7° in the 2 - 3.5 keV bin) suggests the presence of another component. When it is included in the spectro-polarimetric fit, a high polarization degree disfavors an interpretation in terms of a leakage through the absorbers, rather pointing to scattering from some kind of mirror.

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arXiv2024

HYPERION. Shedding light on the first luminous quasars: A correlation between UV disc winds and X-ray continuum

One of the main open questions in the field of luminous ($L_{\rm bol}>10^{47}\,\rm erg\,s^{-1}$) quasars (QSOs) at $z \gtrsim 6$ is the rapid formation ($< 1\,$Gyr) of their supermassive black holes (SMBHs). For this work we analysed the relation between the X-ray properties and other properties describing the physics and growth of both the accretion disc and the SMBH in QSOs at the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). The sample consists of 21 $z>6$ QSOs, which includes 16 sources from the rapidly grown QSOs from the HYPERION sample and five other luminous QSOs with available high-quality archival X-ray data. We discovered a strong and statistically significant ($>3\sigma$) relation between the X-ray continuum photon index ($\Gamma$) and the $\rm C\,IV$ disc wind velocity ($v_{\rm C\,IV}$) in $z>6$ luminous QSOs, whereby the higher the $v_{\rm C\,IV}$, the steeper the $\Gamma$. This relation suggests a link between the disc-corona configuration and the kinematics of disc winds. Furthermore, we find evidence at $>2-3\sigma$ level that $\Gamma$ and $v_{\rm C\,IV}$ are correlated to the growth rate history of the SMBH. Although additional data are needed to confirm it, this result may suggest that, in luminous $z>6$ QSOs, the SMBH predominantly grows via fast accretion rather than via initial high seed BH mass.

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arXiv2024

BASS XLI: the correlation between Mid-infrared emission lines and Active Galactic Nuclei emission

We analyze the Spitzer spectra of 140 active galactic nuclei (AGN) detected in the hard X-rays (14-195 keV) by the Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) on board Swift. This sample allows us to probe several orders of magnitude in black hole masses ($10^6-10^9 M_{\odot}$), Eddington ratios ($10^{-3}-1$), X-ray luminosities ($10^{42}-10^{45}\rm\,erg\,s^{-1}$), and X-ray column densities ($10^{20}-10^{24}\rm\,cm^{-2}$). The AGN emission is expected to be the dominant source of ionizing photons with energies $\gtrsim50$ eV, and therefore high-ionization mid-infrared (MIR) emission lines such as [Ne V] 14.32, 24.32 $μ$m and [O IV] 25.89 $μ$m are predicted to be good proxies of AGN activity, and robust against obscuration effects. We find high detection rates ($\gtrsim85-90$ per cent) for the mid-infrared coronal emission lines in our AGN sample. The luminosities of these lines are correlated with the 14-150 keV luminosity (with a typical scatter of $σ\sim 0.4-0.5$ dex), strongly indicating that the mid-infrared coronal line emission is driven by AGN activity. Interestingly, we find that the coronal lines are more tightly correlated to the bolometric luminosity ($σ\sim 0.2-0.3$ dex), calculated from careful analysis of the spectral energy distribution, than to the X-ray luminosity. We find that the relationship between the coronal line strengths and $L_{14-150\rm\,keV}$ is independent of black hole mass, Eddington ratio and X-ray column density. This confirms that the mid-infrared coronal lines can be used as unbiased tracers of the AGN power for X-ray luminosities in the $10^{42}-10^{45}\rm\,erg\,s^{-1}$ range.

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arXiv2024

HYPERION. Coevolution of supermassive black holes and galaxies at $z>6$ and the build-up of massive galaxies

We used low- to high-frequency ALMA observations to investigate the cold gas and dust in ten QSOs at $z\gtrsim 6$. Our analysis of the CO(6-5) and CO(7-6) emission lines in the selected QSOs provided insights into their molecular gas masses, which average around $10^{10}\ \rm M_\odot$, consistent with typical values for high-redshift QSOs. Proprietary and archival ALMA observations in bands 8 and 9 enabled precise constraints on the dust properties and star formation rate (SFR) of four QSOs in our sample for the first time. The examination of the redshift distribution of dust temperatures revealed a general trend of increasing $T_{\rm dust}$ with redshift, which agrees with theoretical expectations. We computed a mean cold dust spectral energy distribution considering all ten QSOs. This offers a comprehensive view of the dust properties of high-$z$ QSOs. The QSOs marked by a more intense growth of the supermassive black hole (HYPERION QSOs) showed lower dust masses and higher gas-to-dust ratios on average, but their $\rm H_2$ gas reservoirs are consistent with those of other QSOs at the same redshift. The observed high SFR in our sample yields high SF efficiencies and thus very short gas depletion timescales ($τ_{\rm dep}\sim 10^{-2}$ Gyr). Beyond supporting the paradigm that high-$z$ QSOs reside in highly star-forming galaxies, our findings portrayed an interesting evolutionary path at $z>6$. Our study suggests that they are undergoing rapid galaxy growth that might be regulated by strong outflows. Their inferred evolutionary path shows a convergence toward the massive end of the local relation, which supports the idea that they are candidate progenitors of local massive galaxies. The observed pathway involves intense BH growth followed by substantial galaxy growth, in contrast with a symbiotic growth scenario. The abstract has been shortened (full version in the article).

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arXiv2024

The origin of the soft excess in the luminous quasar HE 1029-1401

The enigmatic and intriguing phenomenon of the "soft excess" observed in the X-ray spectra of luminous quasars continues to be a subject of considerable interest and debate in the field of high-energy astrophysics. This study focuses on the quasar HE 1029-1401 ($z=0.086$, $\log(L_{\rm{bol}}/[\rm{erg\,s^{-1}}])= 46.0 \pm 0.2$), with a particular emphasis on investigating the properties of the hot corona and the physical origin of the soft excess. In this study, we present the results of a joint \textit{XMM-Newton}/\textit{NuSTAR} monitoring campaign of this quasar conducted in May 2022. The source exhibits a cold and narrow Fe $\rm{K}α$ emission line at 6.4 keV, in addition to the detection of a broad component. Our findings suggest that the soft excess observed in HE 1029-1401 can be adequately explained by Comptonized emission originating from a warm corona. Specifically, fitting the spectra with two \nthcomp\, component we found that the warm corona is characterized by a photon index ($Γ^{w}$) of $2.75\pm0.05$ and by an electron temperature ($kT_{e}^{w}$) of $0.39^{+0.06}_{-0.04}$ keV, while the optical depth ($τ^{w}$) is found to be $23\pm3$. We also test more physical models for the warm corona, corresponding to two scenarios: pure Comptonization and Comptonization plus reflection. Both models provide a good fit to the data, and are in agreement with a radially extended warm corona having a size of a few tens of gravitational radii.

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arXiv2024

XMM-Newton --NuSTAR monitoring campaign of the Seyfert 1 galaxy IC 4329A

We present the results of a joint {\it XMM-Newton} and {\it NuSTAR} campaign on the active galactic nucleus (AGN) IC 4329A, consisting of 9 $\times$ 20 ks {\it XMM-Newton} observations, and 5 $\times$ 20 ks {\it NuSTAR} observations within nine days, performed in August 2021. Within each observation, the AGN is not very variable, with the fractional variability never exceeding 5%. Flux variations are observed between the different observations, on timescales of days, with a 30% ratio between the minimum and the maximum 2-10 keV flux. These variations follow the softer-when-brighter behavior typically observed in AGN. In all observations, a soft excess is clearly present. Consistently with previous observations, the X-ray spectra of the source exhibit a cut-off energy between 140 and 250 keV, constant within the error in the different observations. We detected a prominent component of the $6.4$\,keV Fe~K$α$ line consistent with being constant during the monitoring, consisting of an unresolved narrow core and a broader component likely originating in the inner accredion disc. We find that the reflection component is weak ($R_{\rm max}=0.009\pm0.002$) and most likely originating in distant neutral medium. We also found the presence of a warm absorber component together with an ultra-fast outflow. Looking at their energetic, these outflows have enough mechanical power to exercise a significant feedback impact on the AGN surrounding environment.

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arXiv2024

Joint ALMA/X-ray monitoring of the radio-quiet type 1 AGN IC 4329A

The origin of a compact millimeter (mm, 100-250 GHz) emission in radio-quiet active galactic nuclei (RQ AGN) remains debated. Recent studies propose a connection with self-absorbed synchrotron emission from the accretion disk X-ray corona. We present the first joint ALMA ($\sim$100 GHz) and X-ray (NICER/XMM-Newton/Swift; 2-10 keV) observations of the unobscured RQ AGN, IC 4329A ($z = 0.016$). The time-averaged mm-to-X-ray flux ratio aligns with recently established trends for larger samples (Kawamuro et al. 2022, Ricci et al. 2023), but with a tighter scatter ($\sim$0.1 dex) compared to previous studies. However, there is no significant correlation on timescales of less than 20 days. The compact mm emission exhibits a spectral index of $-0.23 \pm 0.18$, remains unresolved with a 13 pc upper limit, and shows no jet signatures. Notably, the mm flux density varies significantly (factor of 3) within 4 days, exceeding the contemporaneous X-ray variability (37% vs. 18%) and showing the largest mm variations ever detected in RQ AGN over daily timescales. The high amplitude variability rules out scenarios of heated dust and thermal free-free emission, pointing toward a synchrotron origin for the mm radiation in a source of $\sim$1 light day size. While the exact source is not yet certain, an X-ray corona scenario emerges as the most plausible compared to a scaled-down jet or outflow-driven shocks.}

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