Exciton fine structure in nanocrystals: effect of cuboidal and spheroidal shapes
We present the theory of the band-edge exciton fine structure in nanocrystals (NCs) with spheroidal and cuboidal shapes. The effects of the cubic symmetry of the crystal lattice, the cubic shape of the NC, and NC uniaxial anisotropy on the hole energy states and electron-hole exchange interactions are considered non-perturbatively. Symmetry analysis yields an effective Hamiltonian for the exciton fine structure, parameterized by one constant for hole energy splitting and five independent constants for exchange interaction. Numerical calculations reveal that in uniaxially anisotropic zinc-blende NCs, the sign of the hole ground state splitting depends on the material parameters and on the orientation of the anisotropy axis relative to the crystallographic axes. Beyond the conventional bulk cubically-symmetric contribution to the exchange interaction, which originates from Bloch-function symmetry and is typically negligible, in nanocrystals, we identify the contribution arising from the cubic symmetry of the envelope wavefunction. This cubically symmetric envelope-induced short-range exchange is non-negligible in cuboidal NCs and induces a pronounced splitting of the dark exciton states. We further analyze the influence of uniaxial anisotropy of the exchange constants on both the exciton fine structure and the oscillator strength. Special attention is paid to NCs, where the anisotropy of the exchange constants is comparable to a relatively small hole energy anisotropic splitting.