Hubble Tension and Dark Energy in Teleparallel Gauss-Bonnet Gravity: New Constraints from DESI BAO, Pantheon$^+$ and Hubble Data
We explore the cosmological dynamics of a teleparallel Gauss-Bonnet gravity model defined by the torsion scalar $T$ and the torsion-based Gauss-Bonnet invariant $T_{\mathcal{G}}$, deriving modified Friedmann equations for a flat FLRW Universe and corresponding linear scalar perturbation equations. Using a numerical approach, we solve these equations for pressureless matter, predicting the redshift evolution of the Hubble parameter $H(z)$. Using a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis based on late-time observations from Cosmic Chronometers, Pantheon$^+$ without SH0ES, and DESI BAO Data Release 1 and Data Release 2, we constrain the model parameters and show that this class of $f(T,T_\mathcal{G})$ cosmologies can mimic an effective dark-energy component without introducing an explicit cosmological constant. We further examine the scalar perturbation sector of the posterior-supported cosmological branch and find that the solutions considered in this work remain well-behaved within the adopted perturbative treatment. The model yields a present-day effective equation-of-state parameter in the range $ω_{\rm eff}(z=0)\approx -0.664$ to $-0.693$, consistent with late-time observations, and shifts the inferred value of $H_0$ toward $69$--$71.5\ {\rm km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}}$, suggesting a partial alleviation, though not a complete resolution, of the Hubble tension.