arXiv subjects

Aakash Gautam

Publications and source records attributed to Aakash Gautam.

17 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Evaluating Beyond the Screen: Collective Assessment of AI-Generated Business Plans with Resource-Constrained Entrepreneurs

Entrepreneurs increasingly use end-user generative AI technologies such as ChatGPT for high-stakes documents like loan applications and business plans, where AI-generated errors---a wrong price, a fabricated product---can affect loan or funding outcomes. Current approaches to supporting evaluation of AI-generated text assume a single user assessing output alone, on screen. This can be especially demanding for resource-constrained entrepreneurs, whose digital and AI skills vary widely. In this early-stage work, we explore how evaluation might instead be organized in a group setting and completed as a collective activity. We extended BizChat, an AI-powered business-planning tool, with an evaluation module that links each generated claim to the entrepreneur's original input. We partner with community organizations in Maryland---embedding BizChat within various entrepreneurship programs---where workshop attendees (N=14) evaluated their plans through think-pair-share discussion. Early findings suggest interface scaffolds like claim-to-input links primed attendees with concrete, personal evaluations, which the group setting then extended beyond the screen: attendees requested printed copies, used rubrics to compare across plans, and drew on peers' knowledge to verify what they could not easily judge alone.

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arXiv2026

Appearing Legitimate is Not Enough: Interrogating Synthetic Agents in Representational Processes through a Participatory Design Lens

Synthetic agents built atop LLM-based foundation models are gaining popularity as substitutes for human participants across research contexts, including user-testing, market-research, computational social science, surveys, and qualitative research. We are also witnessing an extension of synthetic agents into experimental implementations of policy consultation, jury deliberation, humanitarian diplomacy, and similar contexts where human participation and representation are central to the perceived legitimacy of the institutional processes. The value of participation extends beyond informational contributions and consensus generation; participation is a necessary, legitimizing condition for democratic political institutions and processes. Treating synthetic agents as human substitutes raises serious political, representational, and ethical concerns. Participatory Design's modes of engagement --- probing, priming, understanding, and generating --- offer helpful tools for engaging with representational questions of personhood. We apply the lens to three case studies of synthetic agents substituting for personhood at varying representational scales: local policy, enterprise jury deliberation, and global diplomacy. We argue that legitimacy and personhood are integral and mutually constitutive while identifying the ethical, representational, and methodological risks of using synthetic agents in representational processes. We conclude by proposing soft and hard boundaries for designing oversight on LLMs and synthetic agents in representational processes.

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arXiv2026

Concerns and Strategic Responses of Older Workers Navigating Generative AI in Bridge Employment

Generative AI (GenAI) is transforming workplaces at a rapid pace. This disproportionately affects vulnerable communities, including older workers (OWs) who re-enter the workforce through bridge employment prior to final retirement. Through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 21 professionals, we examine how OWs navigate GenAI-driven disruptions while pursuing bridge roles, focusing on their concerns about GenAI integration and their responses to these changes. Our findings show that OWs experienced both temporal and structural disruptions across all stages of the bridge employment decision-making process due to GenAI. In response, they reconfigured their tasks through different forms of boundary work aimed at restoring stability and continuity. We conceptualize these responses as AI resilience, which reshaped OWs' bridge employment decision-making into an ongoing process of negotiation and adaptation. We conclude by offering recommendations to reduce burnout among OWs by balancing individual-level AI resilience strategies with meso-level AI resilience collectives and macro-level adversarial and contestable AI-mediated organizational structures.

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arXiv2026

Towards Designing for Resilience: Community-Centered Deployment of an AI Business Planning Tool in a Small Business Center

Entrepreneurs in resource-constrained communities often lack time and support to translate ideas into actionable business plans. While generative AI promises assistance, most systems assume high digital literacy and overlook community infrastructures that shape adoption. We report on the community-centered design and deployment of BizChat, an AI-powered business planning tool, introduced across four workshops at a feminist makerspace in Pittsburgh. Through log data (N=30) and interviews (N=10), we examine how entrepreneurs build resilience through collective AI literacy development-encompassing adoption, adaptation, and refusal of AI. Our findings reveal that while BizChat lowered barriers to accessing capital by translating ideas into "business language," this ease raised questions about whether instant AI outputs undermine sensemaking essential to planning. We show how peer support helped entrepreneurs navigate this tension. We contribute design implications, including productive friction, communal scaffolds, and co-optability, for strengthening resilience amid technological change.

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arXiv2026

Not Just Duolingo: Supporting Immigrant Language Preservation Through Family-Based Play

For immigrants, language preservation is crucial to maintain their identity, but the process of immigration can put a strain on a community's ability to do so. We interviewed eight Nepali immigrants to understand barriers to language preservation across sociopolitical contexts in Nepal and immigrant life in the United States. Participants described strong motivation but limited institutional support, time and resource constraints, and English-dominant environments that widen parent-child language gaps. They envisioned technology that supports interactive, family centered learning. In response, we are developing an audio-first, point-and-click language learning game based on the theory of comprehensible input, designed for parent-child co-playing. An early evaluation with four design experts reveals promising gameplay, and the need to simplify symbol-heavy UI. We conclude with implications for designing language technologies that support preservation through relations while acknowledging the limits of design.

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arXiv2025

Regulating Social Media: Surveying the Impact of Nepali Government's TikTok Ban

Social media platforms have transformed global communication and interaction, with TikTok emerging as a critical tool for education, connection, and social impact, including in contexts where infrastructural resources are limited. Amid growing political discussions about banning platforms like TikTok, such actions can create significant ripple effects, particularly impacting marginalized communities. We present a study on Nepal, where a TikTok ban was recently imposed and lifted. As a low-resource country in transition where digital communication is rapidly evolving, TikTok enables a space for community engagement and cultural expression. In this context, we conducted an online survey (N=108) to explore user values, experiences, and strategies for navigating online spaces post-ban. By examining these transitions, we aim to improve our understanding of how digital technologies, policy responses, and cultural dynamics interact globally and their implications for governance and societal norms. Our results indicate that users express skepticism toward platform bans but often passively accept them without active opposition. Findings suggest the importance of institutionalizing collective governance models that encourage public deliberation, nuanced control, and socially resonant policy decisions.

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arXiv2025

Social Photo-Elicitation: The Use of Communal Production of Meaning to Hear a Vulnerable Population

We report on an initial ethnographic exploration of the situation of sex-trafficking survivors in Nepal. In the course of studying trafficking survivors in a protected-living situation created by a non-governmental organization in Nepal, we adapted photo-elicitation to hear the voices of the survivors by making the technique more communal. Bringing sociality to the forefront of the method reduced the pressure on survivors to assert voices as individuals, allowing them to speak. We make three contributions to research. First, we propose a communal form of photo-elicitation as a method to elicit values in sensitive settings. Second, we present the complex circumstances of the survivors as they undergo rehabilitation and move towards life with a ``new normal''. Third, our work adds to HCI and CSCW literature on understanding specific concerns of trafficking survivors and aims to inform designs that can support reintegration of survivors in society. The values that the survivors hold and their notion of future opportunities suggest possession of limited but important social capital in some domains that could be leveraged to aid reintegration.

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arXiv2025

Conflict in Community-Based Design: A Case Study of a Relationship Breakdown

Community-based design efforts rightly seek to reduce the power differences between researchers and community participants by aligning with community values and furthering their priorities. However, what should designers do when key community members' practices seem to enact an oppressive and harmful structure? We reflect on our two-year-long engagement with a non-profit organization in southern India that supports women subjected to domestic abuse or facing mental health crises. We highlight the organizational gaps in knowledge management and transfer, which became an avenue for our design intervention. During design, we encountered practices that upheld caste hierarchies. These practices were expected to be incorporated into our technology. Anticipating harms to indirect stakeholders, we resisted this incorporation. It led to a breakdown in our relationship with the partner organization. Reflecting on this experience, we outline pluralistic pathways that community-based designers might inhabit when navigating value conflicts. These include making space for reflection before and during engagements, strategically repositioning through role reframing or appreciative inquiry, and exiting the engagement if necessary.

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arXiv2025

BizChat: Scaffolding AI-Powered Business Planning for Small Business Owners Across Digital Skill Levels

Generative AI can help small business owners automate tasks, increase efficiency, and improve their bottom line. However, despite the seemingly intuitive design of systems like ChatGPT, significant barriers remain for those less comfortable with technology. To address these disparities, prior work highlights accessory skills -- beyond prompt engineering -- users must master to successfully adopt generative AI including keyboard shortcuts, editing skills, file conversions, and browser literacy. Building on a design workshop series and 15 interviews with small businesses, we introduce BizChat, a large language model (LLM)-powered web application that helps business owners across digital skills levels write their business plan -- an essential but often neglected document. To do so, BizChat's interface embodies three design considerations inspired by learning sciences: ensuring accessibility to users with less digital skills while maintaining extensibility to power users ("low-floor-high-ceiling"), providing in situ micro-learning to support entrepreneurial education ("just-in-time learning"), and framing interaction around business activities ("contextualized technology introduction"). We conclude with plans for a future BizChat deployment.

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arXiv2024

Envisioning Possibilities and Challenges of AI for Personalized Cancer Care

The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in healthcare, including in caring for cancer survivors, has gained significant interest. However, gaps remain in our understanding of how such AI systems can provide care, especially for ethnic and racial minority groups who continue to face care disparities. Through interviews with six cancer survivors, we identify critical gaps in current healthcare systems such as a lack of personalized care and insufficient cultural and linguistic accommodation. AI, when applied to care, was seen as a way to address these issues by enabling real-time, culturally aligned, and linguistically appropriate interactions. We also uncovered concerns about the implications of AI-driven personalization, such as data privacy, loss of human touch in caregiving, and the risk of echo chambers that limit exposure to diverse information. We conclude by discussing the trade-offs between AI-enhanced personalization and the need for structural changes in healthcare that go beyond technological solutions, leading us to argue that we should begin by asking, ``Why personalization?''

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arXiv2024

Reconfiguring Participatory Design to Resist AI Realism

The growing trend of artificial intelligence (AI) as a solution to social and technical problems reinforces AI Realism -- the belief that AI is an inevitable and natural order. In response, this paper argues that participatory design (PD), with its focus on democratic values and processes, can play a role in questioning and resisting AI Realism. I examine three concerning aspects of AI Realism: the facade of democratization that lacks true empowerment, demands for human adaptability in contrast to AI systems' inflexibility, and the obfuscation of essential human labor enabling the AI system. I propose resisting AI Realism by reconfiguring PD to continue engaging with value-centered visions, increasing its exploration of non-AI alternatives, and making the essential human labor underpinning AI systems visible. I position PD as a means to generate friction against AI Realism and open space for alternative futures centered on human needs and values.

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arXiv2024

Enhancing Reentry Support Programs Through Digital Literacy Integration

Challenges faced by formerly incarcerated individuals in the United States raise questions about our society's ability to truly provide second chances. This paper presents the outcomes of our ongoing collaboration with a non-profit organization dedicated to reentry support. We highlight the multifaceted challenges individuals face during their reentry journey, including support programs that prioritize supervision over service, unresponsive support systems, limited access to resources, financial struggles exacerbated by restricted employment opportunities, and technological barriers. In the face of such complex social challenges, our work aims to facilitate our partner organization's ongoing efforts to promote digital literacy through a web application that is integrated into their existing processes. We share initial feedback from the stakeholders, draw out four implications: supporting continuity of care, promoting reflection through slow technology, building in flexibility, and reconfiguring toward existing infrastructure, and conclude with a reflection on our role as partners on the side.

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arXiv2024

Socially Responsible Computing in an Introductory Course

Given the potential for technology to inflict harm and injustice on society, it is imperative that we cultivate a sense of social responsibility among our students as they progress through the Computer Science (CS) curriculum. Our students need to be able to examine the social complexities in which technology development and use are situated. Also, aligning students' personal goals and their ability to achieve them in their field of study is important for promoting motivation and a sense of belonging. Promoting communal goals while learning computing can help broaden participation, particularly among groups who have been historically marginalized in computing. Keeping these considerations in mind, we piloted an introductory Java programming course in which activities engaging students in ethical and socially responsible considerations were integrated across modules. Rather than adding social on top of the technical content, our curricular approach seeks to weave them together. The data from the class suggests that the students found the inclusion of the social context in the technical assignments to be more motivating and expressed greater agency in realizing social change. We share our approach to designing this new introductory socially responsible computing course and the students' reflections. We also highlight seven considerations for educators seeking to incorporate socially responsible computing.

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arXiv2022

Empowering Participation Within Structures of Dependency

Participatory Design (PD) seeks political change to support people's democratic control over processes, solutions, and, in general, matters of concern to them. A particular challenge remains in supporting vulnerable groups to gain power and control when they are dependent on organizations and external structures. We reflect on our five-year engagement with survivors of sex trafficking in Nepal and an anti-trafficking organization that supports the survivors. Arguing that the prevalence of deficit perspective in the setting promotes dependency and robs the survivors' agency, we sought to bring change by exploring possibilities based on the survivors' existing assets. Three configurations illuminate how our design decisions and collective exploration operate to empower participation while attending to the substantial power implicitly and explicitly manifest in existing structures. We highlight the challenges we faced, uncovering actions that PD practitioners can take, including an emphasis on collaborative entanglements, attending to contingent factors, and encouraging provisional collectives.

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arXiv2020

p for political: Participation Without Agency Is Not Enough

Participatory Design's vision of democratic participation assumes participants' feelings of agency in envisioning a collective future. But this assumption may be leaky when dealing with vulnerable populations. We reflect on the results of a series of activities aimed at supporting agentic-future-envisionment with a group of sex-trafficking survivors in Nepal. We observed a growing sense among the survivors that they could play a role in bringing about change in their families. They also became aware of how they could interact with available institutional resources. Reflecting on the observations, we argue that building participant agency on the small and personal interactions is necessary before demanding larger Political participation. In particular, a value of PD, especially for vulnerable populations, can lie in the process itself if it helps participants position themselves as actors in the larger world.

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arXiv2020

Crafting, Communality, and Computing: Building on Existing Strengths To Support a Vulnerable Population

In Nepal, sex-trafficking survivors and the organizations that support them have limited resources to assist the survivors in their on-going journey towards reintegration. We take an asset-based approach wherein we identify and build on the strengths possessed by such groups. In this work, we present reflections from introducing a voice-annotated web application to a group of survivors. The web application tapped into and built upon two elements of pre-existing strengths possessed by the survivors -- the social bond between them and knowledge of crafting as taught to them by the organization. Our findings provide insight into the array of factors influencing how the survivors act in relation to one another as they created novel use practices and adapted the technology. Experience with the application seemed to open knowledge of computing as a potential source of strength. Finally, we articulate three design desiderata that could help promote communal spaces: make activity perceptible to the group, create appropriable steps, and build in fun choices.

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arXiv2020

Usable, Acceptable, Appropriable: Towards Practicable Privacy

A majority of the work on digital privacy and security has focused on users from developed countries who account for only around 20\% of the global population. Moreover, the privacy needs for population that is already marginalized and vulnerable differ from users who have privilege to access a greater social support system. We reflect on our experiences of introducing computers and the Internet to a group of sex-trafficking survivors in Nepal and highlight a few socio-political factors that have influenced the design space around digital privacy. These factors include the population's limited digital and text literacy skills and the fear of stigma against trafficked persons widely prevalent in Nepali society. We underscore the need to widen our perspective by focusing on practicable privacy, that is, privacy practices that are (1) usable, (2) acceptable, and (3) appropriable.

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