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Abdel Nasser Tawfik

Publications and source records attributed to Abdel Nasser Tawfik.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

Almost-Entirely Empirical Estimation for Chemical Potential

Based on statistical thermal approaches, the transverse momentum distribution of the well-identified produced particles, $π^+$, $π^-$, $K^+$, $K^-$, $p$, $\bar{p}$, is studied. From the partition function of grand-canonical ensemble, we propose a generic expression for the dependence of the full chemical potential $μ$ on rapidity $y$. Then, by fitting this expression with the experimental results of most central $p_{\perp}$ and $d^2 N/2 πp_{\bot} dp_{\bot} dy$, at $7.7$, $11.5$, $19.6$, $27$, $39$, $130$, $200~$GeV, we introduce a generic expression for the rapidity dependence of $μ$, at different energies and particle types, $μ=a+b y^2$. The resulting energy dependence reads $\sqrt{s_{\mathtt{NN}}}=c[(μ-a)/b]^{d/2}$. As a validation check, the proposed approach reproduces, excellently, the rapidity spectra measured at different energies.

hep-ph↗

Particle Ratios within EPOS, UrQMD and Thermal Models at AGS, SPS and RHIC Energies

The particle ratios $k^+/π^+$, $π^-/K^-$, $\bar{p}/π^-$, $Λ/π^-$, $Ω/π^-$, $p/π^+$, $π^-/π^+$, $K^-/K^+$, $\bar{p}/p$, $\barΛ/Λ$, $\barΣ/Σ$, $ \barΩ/Ω$ measured at AGS, SPS and RHIC energies are compared with large statistical ensembles of $100,000$ events deduced from the CRMC EPOS $1.99$ and the Ultra-relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) hybrid model. In the UrQMD hybrid model two types of phase transitions are taken into account. All these are then confronted to the Hadron Resonance Gas Model. The two types of phase transitions are apparently indistinguishable. Apart from $k^+/π^+$, $k^-/π^-$, $Ω/π^-$, $\bar{p}/π^+$, and $\barΩ/Ω$, the UrQMD hybrid model agrees well with the CRMC EPOS $1.99$. Also, we conclude that the CRMC EPOS $1.99$ seems to largely underestimate $k^+/π^+$, $k^-/π^-$, $Ω/π^-$, and $\bar{p}/π^+$.

hep-ph↗

Particle Yields and Ratios within Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Statistics

In characterizing the yields and ratios various of well identified particles in the ALICE experiment, we utilize extensive {\it additive} thermal approaches, to which various missing states of the hadron resonances are taken into consideration, as well. Despite some non-equilibrium conditions that are slightly driving this statistical approach away from equilibrium, the approaches are and remain additive and extensive. Besides van der Waals repulsive interactions (assuming that the gas constituents are no longer point-like, i.e. finite-volume corrections taken into consideration), finite pion chemical potentials as well as perturbations to the light and strange quark occupation factors are taken into account. When confronting our calculations to the ALICE measurements, we conclude that the proposed conditions for various aspects deriving the system out of equilibrium notably improve the reproduction of the experimental results, i.e. improving the statistical fits, especially the finite pion chemical potential. This points out to the great role that the non-equilibrium pion production would play, and the contributions that the hadron resonance missing states come up with, even when the principles of statistical extensivity and additivity aren't violated. These results seem to propose revising the conclusions propagated by most of the field, that the produced particles quickly reach a state of local equilibrium leading to a collective expansion often described by fluid dynamics. This situation seems not remaining restrictively valid, at very large collision energies.

hep-ph↗

Transverse Momentum Spectra of Pions at LHC Energies

In order to characterize the transverse momentum spectra of positive pions measured in the ALICE experiment, two thermal approaches are utilized; one is based on degeneracy of non-perfect Bose-Einstein gas and the other imposes an {\it ad-hoc} finite pion-chemical potential. The inclusion of missing haron states and the out-of-chemical equilibrium greatly contribute to the excellent characterization of pion production. The excellent reproduction of the experimental data can be understood as a manifestation of not-yet-regarded anomalous pion-production, which likely contribute to the long-standing debate on the {\it "anomalous"} proton-to-pion ratios at top RHIC and LHC energies.

hep-ph↗

Equation of State for Cosmological Matter at and beyond QCD and Electroweak Eras

Various thermodynamic quantities for baryon-free matter are calculated by combining the most reliable non-perturbative and perturbative calculations, especially the most recent ones including as many quark flavors as possible. We extend these calculations by including other degrees of freedom (dof), such as photons, neutrinos, leptons, electroweak particles, and Higgs bosons, that allows us to consider the temperatures up to the TeV-scale. The calculations show that similar to QCD, the EW phase transition is also a crossover. We have found that while the equation of state for the hadronic matter is linear, $p/ρ\simeq 0.2$, the one for higher temperatures is rather complex; it exhibits two crossover-type phase transitions, corresponding to strong and EW matter. At even larger energy densities, the deduced EoS becomes linear again and close to ideal gas. The combined equation of state can be used for modeling the expansion of the Universe from very early times and through the EW and QCD era.

hep-ph↗

Chiral phase structure and sixteen meson states in SU(3) Polyakov linear-sigma model at finite temperature and chemical potential in strong magnetic field

In characterizing the chiral phase-structure of pseudoscalars ($J^{pc}=0^{-+}$), scalars ($J^{pc}=0^{++}$), vectors ($J^{pc}=1^{--}$) and axial-vectors ($J^{pc}=1^{++}$) meson states and their dependence on temperature, chemical potential, and magnetic fields, we utilize SU($3$) Polyakov linear-sigma model (PLSM) in mean-field approximation. We first determine the chiral (non)strange quark condensates, $σ_l$ and $σ_s$ and the corresponding deconfinement order parameters, $ϕ$ and $ϕ^*$, respectively, in thermal and dense (finite chemical potential) medium and finite magnetic field. The temperature and the chemical potential characteristics of nonet meson states normalized to the lowest {\it bosonic} Matsubara frequencies are analyzed. We noticed that all normalized meson masses become temperature independent at different {\it critical} temperatures. We observe that the chiral and deconfinement phase transitions are shifted to lower {\it quasicritical} temperatures with increasing chemical potential and magnetic field. Thus, we conclude that the magnetic field seems to have almost the same effect as that of the chemical potential, especially on accelerating the phase transition, i.e. inverse magnetic catalysis. We also find that increasing chemical potential enhances the mass degeneracy of the various meson masses, while increasing the magnetic field seems to reduce the critical chemical potential, at which the chiral phase transition takes place. Our mass spectrum calculations agree well with the recent PDG compilations and PNJL, lattice QCD calculations, and QMD/UrQMD simulations.

hep-ph↗

SU(3) Polyakov linear-sigma model: Magnetic properties of QCD matter in thermal and dense medium

The linear-sigma model, in which information about confining gluons is included through the Polyakov-loop potential (PLSM), is considered in order to perform a systematic study for various magnetic properties of QCD matter under extreme conditions of high temperatures and densities and finite magnetic field strengths. The introduction of magnetic field to the PLSM Lagrangian requires suitable utilization of Landau quantization, modification in the dispersion relations, and momentum-space dimension-reduction. We observed that increasing the magnetic field leads to filling-up lower Landau levels first and decreasing the number of occupied levels. We conclude that the population of Landau levels is most sensitive to the magnetic field and to the quark charges. The influences of finite magnetic field on the temperature dependence of chiral and deconfinement order-parameter(s) are studied. We present estimations for the magnetization, the magnetic susceptibility, the permeability and the catalysis properties of QCD matter as functions of temperature. The dependences of the resulting freezeout parameters, temperatures and baryon chemical potentials on the corresponding magnetic field strengths have been analyzed, as well. These calculations are compared with recent lattice QCD simulations, whenever available. We conclude that the QCD matter seems to have paramagnetic property at temperatures greater than the critical one. There is an evidence for weak diamagnetic property at low temperatures. Last but not least, we observe that the magnetic catalysis is inverse, namely the critical temperatures decrease with increasing the magnetic field.

hep-ph↗

Quark-hadron phase structure, thermodynamics and magnetization of QCD matter

SU($3$) Polyakov linear-sigma model (PLSM) is systematically implemented to characterize the quark-hadron phase structure and to determine various thermodynamic quantities and magnetization of the QCD matter. In mean-field approximation, the dependence of the chiral order-parameter on finite magnetic field is also calculated. In a wide range of temperatures and magnetic field strengths, various thermodynamic quantities including trace anomaly, speed of sound squared, entropy density, specific heat are presented and some magnetic properties are described, as well. Wherever available these results are confronted to recent lattice QCD calculations. The temperature dependence of these quantities confirms our previous result that the transition temperature is reduced with the increase in the magnetic field strength, i.e. QCD matter is to be characterized by an inverse magnetic catalysis. Furthermore, the temperature dependence of the magnetization shows that the conclusion that the QCD matter has paramagnetic properties slightly below and far above the pseudo-critical temperature, is confirmed, as well. The excellent agreement with recent lattice calculations proves that our QCD-like approach (PLSM) seems to possess the correct degrees-of-freedom in both hadronic and partonic phases and describes well the dynamics deriving confined hadrons to deconfined quark-gluon plasma.

hep-lat↗

Chemical freezeout parameters within generic nonextensive statistics

The particle production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions seems to be created in a dynamically disordered system which can be best described by an extended exponential entropy. In distinguishing between the applicability of this and Boltzmann-Gibbs (BG) in generating various particle-ratios, generic (non)extensive statistics (GNS) is introduced to the hadron resonance gas model. Accordingly, the degree of (non)extensivity is determined by the possible modifications in the phase space. Both BG extensivity and Tsallis nonextensivity are included as very special cases defined by specific values of the equivalence classes $(c, d)$. We found that the particle ratios at energies ranging between $3.8$ and $2760~$GeV are best reproduced by nonextensive statistics, where $c$ and $d$ range between $\sim0.9$ and $\sim1$. The present work aims at illustrating that the proposed approach is well capable to manifest the statistical nature of the system on interest. We don't aim at highlighting deeper physical insights. In other words, while the resulting nonextensivity is neither BG nor Tsallis, the freezeout parameters are found very compatible with BG and accordingly with the well-known freezeout phase-diagram, which is in an excellent agreement with recent lattice calculations. We conclude that the particle production is nonextensive but should not necessarily be accompanied by a radical change in the intensive or extensive thermodynamic quantities, such as internal energy and temperature. Only, the two critical exponents defining the equivalence classes $(c, d)$ are the physical parameters characterizing the (non)extensivity.

nucl-th↗

Quark-hadron phase structure of QCD matter from SU($4$) Polyakov linear sigma model

The SU(4) Polyakov linear sigma model (PLSM) is extended towards characterizing the chiral condensates, $σ_l$, $σ_s$ and $σ_c$ of light, strange and charm quarks, respectively and the deconfinement order-parameters $ϕ$ and $\barϕ$ at finite temperatures and densities (chemical potentials). The PLSM is considered to study the QCD equation of state in the presence of the chiral condensate of charm for different finite chemical potentials. The PLSM results are in a good agreement with the recent lattice QCD simulations. We conclude that, the charm condensate is likely not affected by the QCD phase-transition, where the corresponding critical temperature is greater than that of the light and strange quark condensates.

hep-ph↗

Lattice QCD thermodynamics and RHIC-BES particle production within generic nonextensive statistics

The current status of implementing Tsallis (nonextensive) statistics on high-energy physics is briefly reviewed. The remarkably low freezeout-temperature, which apparently fails to reproduce the first-principle lattice QCD thermodynamics and the measured particle ratios, etc. is discussed. The present work suggests a novel interpretation for the so-called {\it "Tsallis-temperature"}. It is proposed that the low Tsallis-temperature is due to incomplete implementation of Tsallis algebra though exponential and logarithmic functions to the high-energy particle-production. Substituting Tsallis algebra into grand-canonical partition-function of the hadron resonance gas model seems not assuring full incorporation of nonextensivity or correlations in that model. The statistics describing the phase-space volume, the number of states and the possible changes in the elementary cells should be rather modified due to interacting correlated subsystems, of which the phase-space is consisting. Alternatively, two asymptotic properties, each is associated with a scaling function, are utilized to classify a generalized entropy for such a system with large ensemble (produced particles) and strong correlations. Both scaling exponents define equivalence classes for all interacting and noninteracting systems and unambiguously characterize any statistical system in its thermodynamic limit. We conclude that the nature of lattice QCD simulations is apparently extensive and accordingly the Boltzmann-Gibbs statistics is fully fulfilled. Furthermore, we found that the ratios of various particle yields at extreme high and extreme low energies of RHIC-BES is likely nonextensive but not necessarily of Tsallis type.

hep-ph↗

Strangeness chemical potential from the baryons relative to the kaons particle ratios

From a systematic analysis of the energy-dependence of four antibaryon-to-baryon ratios relative to the antikaon-to-kaon ratio, we propose an alternative approach determining the strange-quark chemical potential ($μ_{\mathrm{s}}$). It is found that $μ_{\mathrm{s}}$ generically genuinely equals one-fifth the baryon chemical potential ($μ_{\mathrm{b}}$). An additional quantity depending on $μ_{\mathrm{b}}$ and the freezeout temperature ($T$) should be added in order to assure averaged strangeness conversation. This quantity gives a genuine estimation for the possible strangeness enhancement with the increase in the collision energy. At the chemical freezeout conditioned to constant entropy density normalized to temperature cubed, various particle ratios calculated at $T$ and $μ_{\mathrm{b}}$ and the resultant $μ_{\mathrm{s}}$ excellently agree with the statistical-thermal calculations.

hep-ph↗

Phenomenology of light- and strange-quark simultaneous production at high energies

This letter presents an extension of EPL116(2017)62001 to light- and strange-quark nonequilibrium chemical phase-space occupancy factors ($γ_{q,s}$). The resulting damped trigonometric functionalities relating $γ_{q,s}$ to the nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energies $(\sqrt{s_{NN}})$ looks very similar except different coefficients. The phenomenology of the resulting $γ_{q,s}(\sqrt{s_{NN}})$ describes a rapid decrease at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}\lesssim7~$GeV followed by a faster increase up to $\sim20~$GeV. Then, both $γ_{q,s}$ become nonsensitive to $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$. Although these differ from $γ_{s}(\sqrt{s_{NN}})$ obtained at $γ_q(\sqrt{s_{NN}})=1$, various particle ratios including $\mathrm{K}^+/π^+$, $\mathrm{K}^-/π^-$, $\mathrmΛ/π^-$, $\bar{\mathrmΛ}/π^-$, $\mathrmΞ^+/π^+$, and $\mathrmΩ/π^-$, can well be reproduced, as well. We conclude that $γ_{q,s}(\sqrt{s_{NN}})$ should be instead determined from fits of various particle yields and ratios but not merely from fits to the particle ratio $\mathrm{K}^+/π^+$.

hep-ph↗

Perturbative instability of inflationary cosmology from quantum potentials

It was argued that the Raychaudhuri equation with a quantum correction term seems to avoid the Big Bang singularity and to characterize an everlasting Universe [PLB741,276(2015)]. Critical comments on both conclusions and on the correctness of the key expressions of this work were discussed in literature [MPLA31(2016)1650044]. In the present work, we have analyzed the perturbative (in)stability conditions in the inflationary era of the early Universe. We conclude that both unstable and stable modes are incompatible with the corresponding ones obtained in the standard FLRW Universe. We have shown that unstable modes do exist at small (an)isotropic perturbation and for different equations of state. Inequalities for both unstable and stable solutions with the standard FLRW space were derived. They reveal that in the FLRW flat Universe both perturbative instability and stability are likely. While negative stability modes have been obtained for radiation- and matter-dominated eras, merely, instability modes exist in case of a finite cosmological constant and also if the vacuum energy dominates the cosmic background geometry.

gr-qc↗

Phenomenology of strangeness production at high energies

The strange-quark occupation factor ($γ_s$) is determined from the statistical fit of the multiplicity ratio $\mathrm{K}^+/π^+$ in a wide range of nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energies ($\sqrt{s_{NN}}$). From this single-strange-quark-subsystem, $γ_s(\sqrt{s_{NN}})$ was parametrized as a damped trigonometric functionality and successfully implemented to the hadron resonance gas model, at chemical semi-equilibrium. Various particle ratios including $\mathrm{K}^-/π^-$, $\mathrmΛ/π^-$, and $\mathrm{\barΛ}/π^-$ are well reproduced. The phenomenology of $γ_s(\sqrt{s_{NN}})$ suggests that, the hadrons ($γ_s$ raises) at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} \simeq 7~$GeV seems to undergo a phase transition to a mixed phase ($γ_s$ declines), which is then derived into partons ($γ_s$ remains unchanged with increasing $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$), at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} \simeq 20~$GeV.

hep-ph↗

On thermodynamic self-consistency of generic axiomatic-nonextensive statistics

Generic axiomatic-nonextensive statistics characterized by two asymptotic properties, to each of them a scaling function is assigned, characterized by c and d for first and second scaling property, respectively, is formulated in a grand-canonical ensemble with finite volume in the thermodynamic limit. The thermodynamic properties of a relativistic ideal gas of hadron resonances are studied. It is found that this generic statistics satisfies the requirements of the equilibrium thermodynamics. Essential aspects of thermodynamic self-consistency are clarified. Analytical expressions are proposed for the statistical fits of various transverse momentum distributions measured in most-central collisions at different collision energies and colliding systems. Estimations for the freezeout temperature and chemical potential and both c and d are determined. The earlier are found compatible with the parameters deduced from Boltzmann-Gibbs (BG) statistics (extensive), while the latter refer to generic nonextensivity. The resulting equivalence class (c,d) is associated to stretched exponentials, where Lambert function reaches its asymptotic stability. In some measurements, the resulting nonextensive entropy is linearly composed of extensive entropies. Apart from power-scaling, the particle ratios and yields are excellent quantities to highlighting whether the particle production takes place, (non)extensively. Various particle ratios and yields measured by the STAR experiment in central collisions at 200, 62.4 and 7.7 GeV are fitted to this novel approach. We found that both c and d<1, i.e. referring to neither BG- nor Tsallis-type statistics, but to (c,d)-entropy, where Lambert functions exponentially raise. We conclude that the particle production at STAR energies is likely a nonextensive process but not necessarily BG or Tsallis type.

nucl-th↗

Baryon-to-pion ratios within generic (non)extensive statistics

The successive stages of a high-energy collision are conjectured to end up with chemical and thermal freezeout of the produced particles. We utilize generic (non)extensive statistics which is believed to determine the degree of (non)extensivity through two critical exponents due to possible phase-space modifications. This statistical approach likely manifests various types of correlations and fluctuations and also possible interactions among the final-state produced particles. We study the baryon-to-pion ratios at top RHIC and LHC energies including the so-called proton anomaly.

nucl-th↗

Strangeness production in high-energy collisions and Hawking-Unruh radiation

The assumption that the production of quark-antiquark pairs and their sequential string-breaking taking place through the event horizon of the color confinement determines freezeout temperature and gives a plausible interpretation of the thermal pattern of pp and AA collisions. When relating the black-hole electric charges to the baryon-chemical potentials it was found that the phenomenologically-deduced parameters from various particle ratios in the statistical thermal models agree well with the ones determined from the thermal radiation from charged black-hole. Accordingly, the resulting freezeout conditions, such as $s/T^3=7$ and $ / =1~$GeV, are confirmed at finite chemical potentials, as well. Furthermore, the problematic of strangeness production in elementary collisions can be interpreted by thermal particle production from the Hawking-Unruh radiation. Consequently, the freezeout temperature depends on the quark masses. This leads to a deviation from full equilibrium and thus a suppression of the strangeness production in the elementary collisions. But in nucleus-nucleus collisions, an average temperature should be introduced in order to dilute the quark masses. This nearly removes the strangeness suppression. An extension to finite chemical potentials is introduced. The particle ratios of kaon-to-pion, phi-to-kaon and antilambda-to-pion are determined from Hawking-Unruh radiation and compared with the thermal calculations and the measurements in different experiments. We conclude that these particle ratios can be reproduced, at least qualitatively, as Hawking-Unruh radiation at finite chemical potential. With increasing energy, both K+/pi+ and phi/K^- keep their maximum values at low SPS energies. But the further energy decrease rapidly reduces both ratios. For Lambda/pi-, there is an increase with increasing collision energy, i.e. no saturation is to be observed.

physics.gen-ph↗