Discrete positivity and maximum principles for a finite element discretization of the Richards equation
Standard finite element discretizations of the Richards equation may violate the discrete minimum principle, producing unphysical negative saturations. While existing bound-preserving methods typically rely on computationally expensive fully implicit solvers, we propose a novel semi-implicit finite element framework utilizing a bounded continuous auxiliary variable. Our approach treats the gravity-driven advective term using a linearly implicit technique, which improves the time-step restrictions required by explicit gravity methods near the degenerate limit. We provide rigorous mathematical proofs establishing sufficient geometric and algebraic constraints for discrete positivity and the discrete maximum principle, specifically a local Péclet condition and a discrete row-sum condition. When both conditions are satisfied on weakly acute meshes with mass lumping, our framework ensures that numerical solutions strictly respect physical bounds across highly degenerate conditions and initially dry soil regimes. Comprehensive numerical validation demonstrates the method across multiple flow regimes, including cases where algebraic conditions are satisfied, violated, and recovered through mesh refinement.