arXiv subjects

Adam Frank

Publications and source records attributed to Adam Frank.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources

arXiv2006

A Spitzer IRS Spectral Atlas of Luminous 8 micron Sources in the Large Magellanic Cloud

We present an atlas of Spitzer Space Telescope Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) spectra of highly luminous, compact mid-infrared sources in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Sources were selected on the basis of infrared colors and 8 micron (MSX) fluxes indicative of highly evolved, intermediate- to high-mass stars with current or recent mass loss at large rates. We determine the chemistry of the circumstellar envelope from the mid-IR continuum and spectral features and classify the spectral types of the stars. In the sample of 60 sources, we find 21 Red Supergiants (RSGs), 16 C-rich Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars, 11 HII regions, 4 likely O-rich AGB stars, 4 Galactic O-rich AGB stars, 2 OH/IR stars, and 2 B[e] supergiants with peculiar IR spectra. We find that the overwhelming majority of the sample AGB stars (with typical IR luminosities ~1.0E4 L_sun) have C-rich envelopes, while the O-rich objects are predominantly luminous RSGs with L_IR ~ 1.0E5 L_sun. We determine mean bolometric corrections to the stellar K-band flux densities and find that for carbon stars, the bolometric corrections depend on the infrared color, whereas for RSGs, the bolometric correction is independent of IR color. Our results reveal that objects previously classified as PNe on the basis of IR colors are in fact compact HII regions with very red IRS spectra that include strong atomic recombination lines and PAH emission features. We demonstrate that the IRS spectral classes in our sample separate clearly in infrared color-color diagrams that use combinations of 2MASS data and synthetic IRAC/MIPS fluxes derived from the IRS spectra. On this basis, we suggest diagnostics to identify and classify, with high confidence levels, IR-luminous evolved stars and HII regions in nearby galaxies using Spitzer and near-infrared photometry.

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arXiv2006

Astrophysical Explosions Driven by a Rotating, Magnetized, Gravitating Sphere

We present the results of a numerical magnetohydrodynamic simulation that demonstrates a mechanism by which magnetic fields tap rotational energy of a stellar core and expel the envelope. Our numerical setup, designed to focus on the basic physics of the outflow mechanism, consists of a solid, gravitating sphere, which may represent the compact core of a star, surrounded by an initially hydrostatic envelope of ionized gas. The core is threaded by a dipolar magnetic field that also permeates the envelope. At the start of the simulation, the core begins to rotate at 10% of the escape speed. The magnetic field is sufficiently strong to drive a magneto-rotational explosion, whereby the entire envelope is expelled, confirming the expectation of analytical models. Furthermore, the dipolar nature of the field results in an explosion that is enhanced simultaneously along the rotation axis (a jet) and along the magnetic equator. While the initial condition is simplified, the simulation approximates circumstances that may arise in astrophysical objects such as Type II supernovae, gamma ray bursts, and proto-planetary nebulae.

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arXiv2006

Grand Challenges in Planetary Nebulae Studies: Binary Evolution and MHD

We review work on the evolution of planetary nebulae and proto-planetaries via magneto-rotational mechanisms showing that a dynamo generated magnetic field can produce the energy and momentum needed to drive pPN and PNe outflows. Angular momentum considerations lead to the conclusion that single stars may not be capable of supporting strong fields for long times. Thus we take the working hypothesis that most PN may form via binary stars. We propose that the grand challenge for PN studies is fully understanding the diverse physical processes at work in binary late stage evolution including the development of disks, fields and outflows.

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arXiv2006

Spitzer IRS Spectra of Luminous 8 micron Sources in the Large Magellanic Cloud

We have produced an atlas of Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) spectra of mass-losing, evolved stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud. These stars were selected to have high mass-loss rates and so contribute significantly to the return of processed materials to the ISM. Our high-quality spectra enable the determination of the chemistry of the circumstellar envelope from the mid-IR spectral features and continuum. We have classified the spectral types of the stars and show that the spectral types separate clearly in infrared color-color diagrams constructed from 2MASS data and synthetic IRAC/MIPS fluxes derived from our IRS spectra. We present diagnostics to identify and classify evolved stars in nearby galaxies with high confidence levels using Spitzer and 2MASS photometry. Comparison of the spectral classes determined using IRS data with the IR types assigned based on NIR colors also revealed a significant number of misclassifications and enabled us to refine the NIR color criteria resulting in more accurate NIR color classifications of dust-enshrouded objects.

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arXiv2005

Protostellar Jets and Turbulence in Molecular Clouds: The Role of Interactions

We present a series of numerical studies of the interaction of colliding radiative, hydrodynamic young stellar outflows. We study the effect of the collision impact parameter on the acceleration of ambient material and the degree to which the flow is isotropized by the collision as a mechanism for driving turbulence in the parent molecular cloud. Our results indicate that the high degrees of compression of outflow material, achieved through radiative shocks near the vertex of the interaction, prevents the redirected outflow from spraying over a large spatial region. Furthermore, the collision reduces the redirected outflow's ability to entrain and impart momentum into the ambient cloud. Consideration of the probabilities of outflow collisions leads us to conclude that individual low velocity fossil outflows are the principle coupling between outflows and the cloud.

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arXiv2005

Driving spiral arms in the circumstellar disks of HD 100546 and HD 141569A

With 2D hydrodynamical simulations of disks perturbed externally by stars, brown dwarfs or planets we investigate possible scenarios that can account for the spiral structure in circumstellar disks. We consider two scenarios, spiral structure driven by an external bound planet or low mass star and that excited by a previous stellar close encounter or flyby. We find that both scenarios produce morphology similar to that observed in the outer disks of HD 141569A and HD 100546; moderately open 2-armed outer spiral structure. The outer two-armed spiral structure observed in the disk of HD 141569A is qualitatively reproduced with tidal perturbations from its companion binary HD 141569B,C on a prograde orbit near periapse. Our simulation accounts for the outer spiral arms, but is less successful than the secular model of Augereau and Papaloizou at matching the lopsidedness or asymmetry of the disk edge at 300AU. The disk has been previously truncated by the tidal force from the binary. A bound object (stellar or planetary) is unlikely to explain the spiral structure in HD 100546. A co-eval planet or brown dwarf in the disk of sufficient mass to account for the amplitude of the spiral structure would be detectable in NICMOS and STIS images, however existing images reveal no such object. A previous encounter could explain the observed structure, provided that the encounter occurred less than a few thousand year ago. The object responsible for causing the spiral structure must then be within a few arcminutes of the star. However, the USNO-B proper motion survey reveals no candidate object. Moreover, the probability that a field star encountered HD 100546 in the past few thousand years is very low.

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arXiv2005

The Evolution of Protoplanetary Disk Edges

We investigate gap formation in gaseous protostellar disks by a planet in a circular orbit in the limit of low disk viscosity. This regime may be appropriate to an aging disk after the epoch of planet formation. We find that the distance of planet to the gap outer boundary can be between the location of the $m=2$ and $m=1$ outer Lindblad resonances. This distance is weakly dependent upon both the planet's mass and disk viscosity. We find that the evolution of the disk edge takes place on two timescales. The first timescale is set by the spiral density waves driven by the planet. The second timescale depends on the viscosity of the disk. The disk approaches a state where the outward angular momentum flux caused by the disk viscosity is balanced by the dissipation of spiral density waves which are driven at the Lindblad resonances. This occurs inefficiently however because of the extremely low gas density near the planet. We find that the distance between the planet and the peak density at the disk outer edge is only weakly dependent on the viscosity and planet mass, however the ratio of the gas density near the planet to that in the disk (or the slope of density along the disk edge) is strongly dependent upon both quantities. We find that the disk density profile along the edge scales approximately with disk viscosity divided by the square of the planet mass. We account for this behavior with a simple scenario in which the dissipation of angular momentum from the spiral density waves is balanced against diffusion in the steep edge of the disk.

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arXiv2005

Turbulence driven by outflow-blown cavities in the molecular cloud of NGC 1333

Outflows from young stellar objects have been identified as a possible source of turbulence in molecular clouds. To investigate the relationship between outflows, cloud dynamics and turbulence, we compare the kinematics of the molecular gas associated with NGC 1333, traced in 13CO(1-0), with the distribution of young stellar objects (YSOs) within. We find a velocity dispersion of ~ 1-1.6 km/s in 13CO that does not significantly vary across the cloud, and is uncorrelated with the number of nearby young stellar outflows identified from optical and submillimeter observations. However, from velocity channel maps we identify about 20 cavities or depressions in the 13CO intensity of scales > 0.1-0.2 pc and velocity widths 1-3 km/s. The cavities exhibit limb brightened rims in both individual velocity channel maps and position velocity diagrams, suggesting that they are slowly expanding. We interpret these cavities to be remnants of past YSO outflow activity: If these cavities are presently empty, they would fill in on time scales of a million years. This can exceed the lifetime of a YSO outflow phase, or the transit time of the central star through the cavity, explaining the the absence of any clear correlation between the cavities and YSO outflows. We find that the momentum and energy deposition associated with the expansion of the cavities is sufficient to power the turbulence in the cloud. In this way we conclude that the cavities are an important intermediary step between the conversion of YSO outflow energy and momentum into cloud turbulent motions.

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arXiv2005

Wide-Angle Wind Driven Bipolar Outflows: High Resolution Models with Application to Source I of the Becklin-Neugebauer / Kleinmann-Low OMC-I Region

We carry out high resolution simulations of the inner regions of a wide angle wind driven bipolar outflow using an Adaptive Mesh Refinement code. Our code follows H-He gas with molecular, atomic and ionic components and the associated time dependent molecular chemistry and ionization dynamics with radiative cooling. Our simulations explore the nature of the outflow when a spherical wind expands into a rotating, collapsing envelope. We compare with key observational properties of the outflow system of Source I in the BN/KL region. Our calculations show that the wind evacuates a bipolar outflow cavity in the infalling envelope. We find the head of the outflow to be unstable and that it rapidly fragments into clumps. We resolve the dynamics of the strong shear layer which defines the side walls of the cavity. We conjecture that this layer is the likely site of maser emission and examine its morphology and rotational properties. The shell of swept up ambient gas that delineates the cavity edge retains its angular momentum. This rotation is roughly consistent with that observed in the Source I SiO maser spots. The observed proper motions and line-of-sight velocity are approximately reproduced by the model. The cavity shell at the base of the flow assumes an X-shaped morphology which is also consistent with Source I. We conclude that the wide opening angle of the outflow is evidence that a wide-angle wind drives the Source I outflow and not a collimated jet.

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arXiv2004

On the Planet and the Disk of CoKuTau/4

Spitzer observations of the young star CoKuTau/4 reveal a disk with a 10 AU hole that is most likely caused by a newly formed planet. Assuming that the planet opened a gap in the viscous disk, we estimate that the planet mass is greater than 0.1 Jupiter masses. This estimate depends on a lower limit to the disk viscosity derived from the time scale needed to accrete the inner disk, creating the now detectable hole. The planet migration time scale must at least modestly exceed the time for the spectrally inferred hole to clear. The proximity of the planet to the disk edge implied by our limits suggests that the latter is perturbed by the nearby planet and may exhibit a spiral pattern rotating with the planet. This pattern might be resolved with current ground based mid-infrared cameras and optical cameras on the Hubble Space Telescope. The required sub-Myr planet formation may challenge core accretion formation models. However, we find that only if the planet mass is larger than about 10 Jupiter masses, allowing for a high enough surface density without inducing migration, would formation by direct gravitational instability be possible.

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arXiv2004

Evolution and Fragmentation of Wide-Angle Wind Driven Molecular Outflows

We present two dimensional cylindrically symmetric hydrodynamic simulations and synthetic emission maps of a stellar wind propagating into an infalling, rotating environment. The resulting outflow morphology, collimation and stability observed in these simulations have relevance to the study of young stellar objects, Herbig-Haro jets and molecular outflows. Our code follows hydrogen gas with molecular, atomic and ionic components tracking the associated time dependent molecular chemistry and ionization dynamics with radiative cooling appropriate for a dense molecular gas. We present tests of the code as well as new simulations which indicate the presence of instabilities in the wind-blown bubble's swept-up shell.

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arXiv2003

X-Ray Emission from the Pre-Planetary Nebula Henize 3-1475

We report the first detection of X-ray emission in a pre-planetary nebula, Hen 3-1475. Pre-planetary nebulae are rare objects in the short transition stage between the Asymptotic Giant Branch and planetary nebula evolutionary phases, and Hen 3-1475, characterised by a remarkable S-shaped chain of optical knots, is one of the most noteworthy members of this class. Observations with the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) onboard the Chandra X-Ray observatory show the presence of compact emission coincident with the brightest optical knot in this bipolar object, which is displaced from the central star by 2.7 arcsec along the polar axis. Model fits to the X-ray spectrum indicate an X-ray temperature and luminosity, respectively, of (4.3-5.7) 10^6 K and (4+/-1.4) 10^{31} (D/5 kpc)^2 erg s^{-1}, respectively. Our 3-sigma upper limit on the luminosity of compact X-ray emission from the central star in Hen 3-1475 is ~5 10^{31} (D/5 kpc)^2 erg s^{-1}. The detection of X-rays in Hen 3-1475 is consistent with models in which fast collimated post-AGB outflows are crucial to the shaping of planetary nebulae; we discuss such models in the context of our observations.

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arXiv2003

MHD Disk Winds in PNe and pPNe

Winds from accretion disks have been proposed as the driving source for precessing jets and extreme bipolar morphologies in Planetary Nebulae (PNe) and proto-PNe (pPNe). Here we apply MHD disk wind models to PNe and pPNe by estimating separately the asymptotic MHD wind velocities and mass loss rates. We show that the resulting winds can recover the observed momentum and energy input rates for PNe and pPNe.

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arXiv2003

The Last Hurrah: PPN Formation by a Magnetic Explosion

We discuss a mechanism by which a giant star can expel its envelope in an outburst, leaving its core exposed. The outburst is powered by rotational kinetic energy of the core, transferred to the envelope via the twisting of magnetic fields. We show that, if the core is magnetized, and if it has sufficient angular momentum, this mechanism may be triggered at the end of the asymptotic giant branch phase, and drive a proto-planetary nebula (pPN) outflow. This explosion of magnetic energy self-consistently explains some of the asymmetries and dynamics of pPNe.

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arXiv2003

Collimated Outflow Formation via Binary Stars. 3-D Simulations of AGB Wind and Disk Wind Interactions

We present three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of the interaction of a slow wind from an asymptotic giant branch(AGB) star and a jet blown by an orbiting companion. The jet or "Collimated Fast Wind" is assumed to originate from an accretion disk which forms via Bondi accretion of the AGB wind or Roche lobe overflow. We present two distinct regimes in the wind-jet interaction determined by the ratio of the AGB wind to jet momentum flux. Our results show that when the wind momentum flux overwhelms the flux in the jet a more dis-ordered outflow outflow results with the jet assuming a corkscrew pattern and multiple shock structures driven into the AGB wind. In the opposite regime the jet dominates and will drive a highly collimated narrow waisted outflow. We compare our results with scenarios described by Soker & Rappaport (2000) and extrapolate the structures observed in PNe and Symbiotic stars.

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arXiv2003

A Compact X-ray Source and Possible X-ray Jets within the Planetary Nebula Menzel 3

We report the discovery, by the Chandra X-ray Observatory, of X-ray emission from the bipolar planetary nebula Menzel 3. In Chandra CCD imaging, Mz 3 displays hot (3-6x10^6 K) gas within its twin, coaxial bubbles of optical nebulosity, as well as a compact X-ray source at the position of its central star(s). The brightest diffuse X-ray emission lies along the polar axis of the optical nebula, suggesting a jet-like configuration. The observed combination of an X-ray-emitting point source and possible X-ray jet(s) is consistent with models in which accretion disks and, potentially, magnetic fields shape bipolar planetary nebulae via the generation of fast, collimated outflows.

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arXiv2001

Magnetized Astrophysical Outflows: Cradle to Grave, Source to Effect

We discuss the propagation of radiative MHD jets and outflows focusing on outflows driven by magneto-centrifugal rotators. Our goal is to link the properties of the jets with the physics of the sources which produce them. We find that density and magnetic field stratification (with radius) in jets from magnetized rotators leads to new behavior including the development of a dense inner jet core and a low density collar. We also report on more general studies of ambipolar diffusion and field geometry in pulsed jets. Finally we describe a new work designed to study the effects of magnetized winds on circumstellar environments appropriate to YSOs and PNe.

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arXiv2001

Dynamos in Asymptotic-Giant-Branch Stars As the Origin of Magnetic Fields Shaping Planetary Nebulale

Planetary nebulae are thought to be formed when a slow wind from the progenitor giant star is overtaken by a subsequent fast wind generated as the star enters its white dwarf stage$^{1}$. A shock forms near the boundary between the winds, which creates a relatively dense shell that provides the characteristic appearance of a planetary nebula. A spherically symmetric wind will produce a spherically symmetric shell, yet over half of known planetary nebulae are not spherical; rather, they are elliptical or bipolar in shape$^{2}$. While a magnetic field could launch and collimate a bipolar outflow, the origin of such a field has hitherto been unclear, as previous work suggested that a field could not be generated${^3}$. Here we show that an asymptotic-giant-branch (AGB) star can indeed generate a strong magnetic field, in a dynamo at the interface between a rapidly rotating core and the more slowly rotating envelope of the star. The field is strong enough to shape the bipolar outflows that produce the observed bipolar planetary nebulae. Magnetic braking of the stellar core during this process may also explain the puzzlingly$^{4}$ slow rotation of most white dwarf stars.

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