SCALLER: Standard Cell Assembled and Local Layout Effect-based Ring Oscillators
This letter presents a technique that enables very fine tunability of the frequency of Ring Oscillators (ROs). Multiple ROs with different numbers of tunable elements were designed and fabricated in a 65nm CMOS technology. A tunable element consists of two inverters under different local layout effects (LLEs) and a multiplexer. LLEs impact the transient response of inverters deterministically and allow to establish a fine tunable mechanism even in the presence of large process variation. The entire RO is digital and its layout is standard-cell compatible. We demonstrate the tunability of multi-stage ROs with post-silicon measurements of oscillation frequencies in the range of 80-900MHz and tuning steps of 90KHz
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