arXiv subjects

Adriana Schulz

Publications and source records attributed to Adriana Schulz.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Sustainability assessment using multimodal AI agents

Reducing the rapidly growing environmental impact of the computing industry requires assessing the emissions of electronics at scale. However, a traditional life cycle assessment (LCA) of an electronic device, which maps materials and processes to environmental impacts, often requires proprietary or unavailable data. Here, we reimagine conventional sustainability assessment by introducing a multimodal multi-agent AI system that emulates the collaborative process between LCA professionals and stakeholders (such as product managers and engineers) to automatically estimate the carbon footprint of electronic devices. The agents iteratively construct a complete life-cycle inventory by leveraging a structured data abstraction and software tools that mine information from the public internet, including repair communities and government regulatory databases. This reduces data gaps and data collection from weeks or months of expert time to under one minute. The system can calculate carbon footprint within 19% of expert LCAs with zero proprietary data (typical of the variation between human LCAs). We also show that by encoding domain-specific knowledge, environmental impact estimation can be reframed as a data-driven prediction task, in which both unknown products and emission factors are represented as weighted combinations of similar ones with known emissions.

cs.AI↗

arXiv2025

View2CAD: Reconstructing View-Centric CAD Models from Single RGB-D Scans

Parametric CAD models, represented as Boundary Representations (B-reps), are foundational to modern design and manufacturing workflows, offering the precision and topological breakdown required for downstream tasks such as analysis, editing, and fabrication. However, B-Reps are often inaccessible due to conversion to more standardized, less expressive geometry formats. Existing methods to recover B-Reps from measured data require complete, noise-free 3D data, which are laborious to obtain. We alleviate this difficulty by enabling the precise reconstruction of CAD shapes from a single RGB-D image. We propose a method that addresses the challenge of reconstructing only the observed geometry from a single view. To allow for these partial observations, and to avoid hallucinating incorrect geometry, we introduce a novel view-centric B-rep (VB-Rep) representation, which incorporates structures to handle visibility limits and encode geometric uncertainty. We combine panoptic image segmentation with iterative geometric optimization to refine and improve the reconstruction process. Our results demonstrate high-quality reconstruction on synthetic and real RGB-D data, showing that our method can bridge the reality gap.

cs.GR↗

arXiv2025

Incorporating Sustainability in Electronics Design: Obstacles and Opportunities

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a methodology for holistically measuring the environmental impact of a product from initial manufacturing to end-of-life disposal. However, the extent to which LCA informs the design of computing devices remains unclear. To understand how this information is collected and applied, we interviewed 17 industry professionals with experience in LCA or electronics design, systematically coded the interviews, and investigated common themes. These themes highlight the challenge of LCA data collection and reveal distributed decision-making processes where responsibility for sustainable design choices, and their associated costs, is often ambiguous. Our analysis identifies opportunities for HCI technologies to support LCA computation and its integration into the design process to facilitate sustainability-oriented decision-making. While this work provides a nuanced discussion about sustainable design in the information and communication technologies (ICT) hardware industry, we hope our insights will also be valuable to other sectors.

cs.HC↗

arXiv2025

A Solver-Aided Hierarchical Language for LLM-Driven CAD Design

Large language models (LLMs) have been enormously successful in solving a wide variety of structured and unstructured generative tasks, but they struggle to generate procedural geometry in Computer Aided Design (CAD). These difficulties arise from an inability to do spatial reasoning and the necessity to guide a model through complex, long range planning to generate complex geometry. We enable generative CAD Design with LLMs through the introduction of a solver-aided, hierarchical domain specific language (DSL) called AIDL, which offloads the spatial reasoning requirements to a geometric constraint solver. Additionally, we show that in the few-shot regime, AIDL outperforms even a language with in-training data (OpenSCAD), both in terms of generating visual results closer to the prompt and creating objects that are easier to post-process and reason about.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2024

FabHacks: Transform Everyday Objects into Functional Fixtures

Storage, organizing, and decorating are an important part of home design. While one can buy commercial items for many of these tasks, this can be costly, and re-use is more sustainable. An alternative is a "home hack", a functional assembly that can be constructed from existing household items. However, coming up with such hacks requires combining objects to make a physically valid design, which might be difficult to test if they are large, require nailing or screwing something to the wall, or the designer has mobility limitations. In this work, we present a design and visualization system for creating workable functional assemblies, FabHacks, which is based on a solver-aided domain-specific language (S-DSL) FabHaL. By analyzing existing home hacks shared online, we create a design abstraction for connecting household items using predefined types of connections. We provide a UI for FabHaL that can be used to design assemblies that fulfill a given specification. Our system leverages a physics-based solver that takes an assembly design and finds its expected physical configuration. Our validation includes a user study showing that users can create assemblies successfully using our UI and explore a range of designs.

cs.GR↗

arXiv2024

Zero-shot Sequential Neuro-symbolic Reasoning for Automatically Generating Architecture Schematic Designs

This paper introduces a novel automated system for generating architecture schematic designs aimed at streamlining complex decision-making at the multifamily real estate development project's outset. Leveraging the combined strengths of generative AI (neuro reasoning) and mathematical program solvers (symbolic reasoning), the method addresses both the reliance on expert insights and technical challenges in architectural schematic design. To address the large-scale and interconnected nature of design decisions needed for designing a whole building, we proposed a novel sequential neuro-symbolic reasoning approach, emulating traditional architecture design processes from initial concept to detailed layout. To remove the need to hand-craft a cost function to approximate the desired objectives, we propose a solution that uses neuro reasoning to generate constraints and cost functions that the symbolic solvers can use to solve. We also incorporate feedback loops for each design stage to ensure a tight integration between neuro and symbolic reasoning. Developed using GPT-4 without further training, our method's effectiveness is validated through comparative studies with real-world buildings. Our method can generate various building designs in accordance with the understanding of the neighborhood, showcasing its potential to transform the realm of architectural schematic design.

cs.AI↗

arXiv2023

DeltaLCA: Comparative Life-Cycle Assessment for Electronics Design

Reducing the environmental footprint of electronics and computing devices requires new tools that empower designers to make informed decisions about sustainability during the design process itself. This is not possible with current tools for life cycle assessment (LCA) which require substantial domain expertise and time to evaluate the numerous chips and other components that make up a device. We observe first that informed decision-making does not require absolute metrics and can instead be done by comparing designs. Second, we can use domain-specific heuristics to perform these comparisons. We combine these insights to develop DeltaLCA, an open-source interactive design tool that addresses the dual challenges of automating life cycle inventory generation and data availability by performing comparative analyses of electronics designs. Users can upload standard design files from Electronic Design Automation (EDA) software and the tool will guide them through determining which one has greater carbon footprint. DeltaLCA leverages electronics-specific LCA datasets and heuristics and tries to automatically rank the two designs, prompting users to provide additional information only when necessary. We show through case studies DeltaLCA achieves the same result as evaluating full LCAs, and that it accelerates LCA comparisons from eight expert-hours to a single click for devices with ~30 components, and 15 minutes for more complex devices with ~100 components.

cs.HC↗

arXiv2023

How Can Large Language Models Help Humans in Design and Manufacturing?

The advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs), including GPT-4, provides exciting new opportunities for generative design. We investigate the application of this tool across the entire design and manufacturing workflow. Specifically, we scrutinize the utility of LLMs in tasks such as: converting a text-based prompt into a design specification, transforming a design into manufacturing instructions, producing a design space and design variations, computing the performance of a design, and searching for designs predicated on performance. Through a series of examples, we highlight both the benefits and the limitations of the current LLMs. By exposing these limitations, we aspire to catalyze the continued improvement and progression of these models.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2023

Zero-shot CAD Program Re-Parameterization for Interactive Manipulation

Parametric CAD models encode entire families of shapes that should, in principle, be easy for designers to explore. However, in practice, parametric CAD models can be difficult to manipulate due to implicit semantic constraints among parameter values. Finding and enforcing these semantic constraints solely from geometry or programmatic shape representations is not possible because these constraints ultimately reflect design intent. They are informed by the designer's experience and semantics in the real world. To address this challenge, we introduce a zero-shot pipeline that leverages pre-trained large language and image model to infer meaningful space of variations for a shape. We then re-parameterize a new constrained parametric CAD program that captures these variations, enabling effortless exploration of the design space along meaningful design axes.

cs.GR↗

arXiv2023

Computational Design of Passive Grippers

This work proposes a novel generative design tool for passive grippers -- robot end effectors that have no additional actuation and instead leverage the existing degrees of freedom in a robotic arm to perform grasping tasks. Passive grippers are used because they offer interesting trade-offs between cost and capabilities. However, existing designs are limited in the types of shapes that can be grasped. This work proposes to use rapid-manufacturing and design optimization to expand the space of shapes that can be passively grasped. Our novel generative design algorithm takes in an object and its positioning with respect to a robotic arm and generates a 3D printable passive gripper that can stably pick the object up. To achieve this, we address the key challenge of jointly optimizing the shape and the insert trajectory to ensure a passively stable grasp. We evaluate our method on a testing suite of 22 objects (23 experiments), all of which were evaluated with physical experiments to bridge the virtual-to-real gap. Code and data are at https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~milink/passive-gripper/

cs.GR↗

arXiv2023

B-rep Matching for Collaborating Across CAD Systems

Large Computer-Aided Design (CAD) projects usually require collaboration across many different CAD systems as well as applications that interoperate with them for manufacturing, visualization, or simulation. A fundamental barrier to such collaborations is the ability to refer to parts of the geometry (such as a specific face) robustly under geometric and/or topological changes to the model. Persistent referencing schemes are a fundamental aspect of most CAD tools, but models that are shared across systems cannot generally make use of these internal referencing mechanisms, creating a challenge for collaboration. In this work, we address this issue by developing a novel learning-based algorithm that can automatically find correspondences between two CAD models using the standard representation used for sharing models across CAD systems: the Boundary-Representation (B-rep). Because our method works directly on B-reps it can be generalized across different CAD applications enabling collaboration.

cs.GR↗

arXiv2023

Mates2Motion: Learning How Mechanical CAD Assemblies Work

We describe our work on inferring the degrees of freedom between mated parts in mechanical assemblies using deep learning on CAD representations. We train our model using a large dataset of real-world mechanical assemblies consisting of CAD parts and mates joining them together. We present methods for re-defining these mates to make them better reflect the motion of the assembly, as well as narrowing down the possible axes of motion. We also conduct a user study to create a motion-annotated test set with more reliable labels.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2023

Neurosymbolic Models for Computer Graphics

Procedural models (i.e. symbolic programs that output visual data) are a historically-popular method for representing graphics content: vegetation, buildings, textures, etc. They offer many advantages: interpretable design parameters, stochastic variations, high-quality outputs, compact representation, and more. But they also have some limitations, such as the difficulty of authoring a procedural model from scratch. More recently, AI-based methods, and especially neural networks, have become popular for creating graphic content. These techniques allow users to directly specify desired properties of the artifact they want to create (via examples, constraints, or objectives), while a search, optimization, or learning algorithm takes care of the details. However, this ease of use comes at a cost, as it's often hard to interpret or manipulate these representations. In this state-of-the-art report, we summarize research on neurosymbolic models in computer graphics: methods that combine the strengths of both AI and symbolic programs to represent, generate, and manipulate visual data. We survey recent work applying these techniques to represent 2D shapes, 3D shapes, and materials & textures. Along the way, we situate each prior work in a unified design space for neurosymbolic models, which helps reveal underexplored areas and opportunities for future research.

cs.GR↗

arXiv2022

Self-Supervised Representation Learning for CAD

The design of man-made objects is dominated by computer aided design (CAD) tools. Assisting design with data-driven machine learning methods is hampered by lack of labeled data in CAD's native format; the parametric boundary representation (B-Rep). Several data sets of mechanical parts in B-Rep format have recently been released for machine learning research. However, large scale databases are largely unlabeled, and labeled datasets are small. Additionally, task specific label sets are rare, and costly to annotate. This work proposes to leverage unlabeled CAD geometry on supervised learning tasks. We learn a novel, hybrid implicit/explicit surface representation for B-Rep geometry, and show that this pre-training significantly improves few-shot learning performance and also achieves state-of-the-art performance on several existing B-Rep benchmarks.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2021

AutoMate: A Dataset and Learning Approach for Automatic Mating of CAD Assemblies

Assembly modeling is a core task of computer aided design (CAD), comprising around one third of the work in a CAD workflow. Optimizing this process therefore represents a huge opportunity in the design of a CAD system, but current research of assembly based modeling is not directly applicable to modern CAD systems because it eschews the dominant data structure of modern CAD: parametric boundary representations (BREPs). CAD assembly modeling defines assemblies as a system of pairwise constraints, called mates, between parts, which are defined relative to BREP topology rather than in world coordinates common to existing work. We propose SB-GCN, a representation learning scheme on BREPs that retains the topological structure of parts, and use these learned representations to predict CAD type mates. To train our system, we compiled the first large scale dataset of BREP CAD assemblies, which we are releasing along with benchmark mate prediction tasks. Finally, we demonstrate the compatibility of our model with an existing commercial CAD system by building a tool that assists users in mate creation by suggesting mate completions, with 72.2% accuracy.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2021

Differentiable 3D CAD Programs for Bidirectional Editing

Modern CAD tools represent 3D designs not only as geometry, but also as a program composed of geometric operations, each of which depends on a set of parameters. Program representations enable meaningful and controlled shape variations via parameter changes. However, achieving desired modifications solely through parameter editing is challenging when CAD models have not been explicitly authored to expose select degrees of freedom in advance. We introduce a novel bidirectional editing system for 3D CAD programs. In addition to editing the CAD program, users can directly manipulate 3D geometry and our system infers parameter updates to keep both representations in sync. We formulate inverse edits as a set of constrained optimization objectives, returning plausible updates to program parameters that both match user intent and maintain program validity. Our approach implements an automatically differentiable domain-specific language for CAD programs, providing derivatives for this optimization to be performed quickly on any expressed program. Our system enables rapid, interactive exploration of a constrained 3D design space by allowing users to manipulate the program and geometry interchangeably during design iteration. While our approach is not designed to optimize across changes in geometric topology, we show it is expressive and performant enough for users to produce a diverse set of design variants, even when the CAD program contains a large number of parameters.

cs.GR↗

arXiv2021

Rewrite Rule Inference Using Equality Saturation

Many compilers, synthesizers, and theorem provers rely on rewrite rules to simplify expressions or prove equivalences. Developing rewrite rules can be difficult: rules may be subtly incorrect, profitable rules are easy to miss, and rulesets must be rechecked or extended whenever semantics are tweaked. Large rulesets can also be challenging to apply: redundant rules slow down rule-based search and frustrate debugging. This paper explores how equality saturation, a promising technique that uses e-graphs to apply rewrite rules, can also be used to infer rewrite rules. E-graphs can compactly represent the exponentially large sets of enumerated terms and potential rewrite rules. We show that equality saturation efficiently shrinks both sets, leading to faster synthesis of smaller, more general rulesets. We prototyped these strategies in a tool dubbed ruler. Compared to a similar tool built on CVC4, ruler synthesizes 5.8X smaller rulesets 25X faster without compromising on proving power. In an end-to-end case study, we show ruler-synthesized rules which perform as well as those crafted by domain experts, and addressed a longstanding issue in a popular open source tool.

cs.PL↗

arXiv2021

Co-Optimization of Design and Fabrication Plans for Carpentry

Past work on optimizing fabrication plans given a carpentry design can provide Pareto-optimal plans trading off between material waste, fabrication time, precision, and other considerations. However, when developing fabrication plans, experts rarely restrict to a single design, instead considering families of design variations, sometimes adjusting designs to simplify fabrication. Jointly exploring the design and fabrication plan spaces for each design is intractable using current techniques. We present a new approach to jointly optimize design and fabrication plans for carpentered objects. To make this bi-level optimization tractable, we adapt recent work from program synthesis based on equality graphs (e-graphs), which encode sets of equivalent programs. Our insight is that subproblems within our bi-level problem share significant substructures. By representing both designs and fabrication plans in a new bag of parts(BOP) e-graph, we amortize the cost of optimizing design components shared among multiple candidates. Even using BOP e-graphs, the optimization space grows quickly in practice. Hence, we also show how a feedback-guided search strategy dubbed Iterative Contraction and Expansion on E-graphs(ICEE) can keep the size of the e-graph manage-able and direct the search toward promising candidates. We illustrate the advantages of our pipeline through examples from the carpentry domain.

cs.GR↗