arXiv subjects

Ahmad Erfanian

Publications and source records attributed to Ahmad Erfanian.

18 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Prime Square Order Cayley Graph of Cyclic Groups of Particular Valency

As a vital link between group theory and graph theory, Cayley graphs provide a geometric framework for encoding algebraic structures. This study explores the properties of Cayley graphs derived from cyclic groups whose order is the square of the product of three distinct prime numbers. We specifically examine cases where the connecting set is defined by the collection of all elements with an order equal to the square of a prime. A comprehensive analysis of these graphs is presented, focusing on structural characteristics such as connectivity, Eulerian properties, and Hamiltonicity. Furthermore, we determine several key graph parameters, including the clique number, chromatic number, independence number, and diameter.

math.CO↗

arXiv2026

On Some Bi-Cayley Graphs over Cyclic Groups of Order $p^2 q^2$ and Related Extensions

We investigate structural and combinatorial properties of Bi-Cayley graphs defined over cyclic groups of order $p^2q^2$, where $p$ and $q$ are distinct primes. We begin by describing their fundamental group-theoretic underpinnings. The main focus is on analyzing their connectivity, girth, clique number, chromatic number, diameter, and independence number. It is shown that these Bi-Cayley graphs are connected, biregular with explicitly determined degrees, and possess girth three. Furthermore, we prove that their diameter is equal to five. We further extend several results to Bi-Cayley graphs over arbitrary finite groups under suitable restrictions on the connecting set, with particular emphasis on the case where the connecting set consists of all its involutions. These results clarify structural similarities and differences between Cayley graphs and their Bi-Cayley generalizations.

math.CO↗

arXiv2026

Certain topological indices and spectral properties of SGB-graphs of finite cyclic groups

Let $L(G)$ be the set of all subgroups of a group $G$. The subgroup generating bipartite graph $\mathcal{B}(G)$ defined on $G$ is a bipartite graph whose vertex set is the union of two sets $G \times G$ and $L(G)$, and two vertices $(a, b) \in G \times G$ and $H \in L(G)$ are adjacent if $H$ is generated by $a$ and $b$. In this paper, we realize the structures of $\mathcal{B}(G)$ for cyclic groups of order $pq, p^2q$ and $p^2q^2$, where $p$ and $q$ are primes and $p \neq q$. We also deduce expressions for first and second Zagreb indices of these graphs and check the validity of Hansen-Vuki{č}evi{ć} conjecture [Hansen, P. and Vuki{č}evi{ć}, D. Comparing the Zagreb indices, {\em Croatica Chemica Acta}, \textbf{80}(2), 165-168, 2007]. Expressions of certain other degree-based topological indices of these graphs are also computed. We further compute various spectra and their corresponding energies of $\mathcal{B}(G)$ if $G$ is any cyclic group of order $p^n, pq, p^2q$ and $p^2q^2$, where $p$ and $q$ are two distinct primes and $n \geq 1$. We conclude the paper showing that $\mathcal{B}(G)$ satisfies E-LE conjecture [Gutman, I., Abreu, N. M. M., Vinagre, C. T. M., Bonifacioa, A. S. and Radenkovic, S. Relation between energy and Laplacian energy, {\em MATCH Communications in Mathematical and in Computer Chemistry}, \textbf{59}, 343--354, 2008] for these groups.

math.CO↗

arXiv2026

Various spectra and energies of subgroup generating bipartite graph

Let $L(G)$ be the set of all subgroups of a group $G$. The subgroup generating bipartite graph $\mathcal{B}(G)$ defined on $G$ is a bipartite graph whose vertex set is partitioned into two sets $G \times G$ and $L(G)$, and two vertices $(a, b) \in G \times G$ and $H \in L(G)$ are adjacent if $H$ is generated by $a$ and $b$. In this paper, we compute various spectra and energies of $\mathcal{B}(G)$ and determine whether $\mathcal{B}(G)$ is hypoenergetic, hyperenergetic, CN-hyperenergetic, L-hyperenergetic or Q-hyperenergetic if $G$ is a dihedral group of order $2p$ and $2p^2$ and dicyclic group of order $4p$ and $4p^2$, where $p$ is any prime. We also show that $\mathcal{B}(G)$ satisfies E-LE conjecture for these groups.

math.GR↗

arXiv2025

Generalizing the enhanced power graph of a group with respect to automorphisms

We generalize the enhanced power graph by replacing elements with classes under automorphisms. We show that the connectivity and diameter of this graph is similar to that of the enhanced power graph. We consider the universal vertices of this graph and when this graph is a complete graph. Finally, we classify when this graph is the empty graph.

math.GR↗

arXiv2025

Zagreb indices of subgroup generating bipartite graph

Let $G$ be a group and $L(G)$ be the set of all subgroups of $G$. The subgroup generating bipartite graph $\mathcal{B}(G)$ defined on $G$ is a bipartite graph whose vertex set is partitioned into two sets $G \times G$ and $L(G)$, and two vertices $(a, b) \in G \times G$ and $H \in L(G)$ are adjacent if $H$ is generated by $a$ and $b$. In this paper, we deduce expressions for first and second Zagreb indices of $\mathcal{B}(G)$ and obtain a condition such that $\mathcal{B}(G)$ satisfy Hansen-Vuki{č}evi{ć} conjecture [Hansen, P. and Vuki{č}evi{ć}, D. Comparing the Zagreb indices, {\em Croatica Chemica Acta}, \textbf{80}(2), 165-168, 2007]. It is shown that $\mathcal{B}(G)$ satisfies Hansen-Vuki{č}evi{ć} conjecture if $G$ is a cyclic group of order $2p, 2p^2, 4p$, $4p^2$ and $p^n$; dihedral group of order $2p$ and $2p^2$; and dicyclic group of order $4p$ and $4p^2$ for any prime $p$. While computing Zagreb indices of $\mathcal{B}(G)$ we have computed $°_{\mathcal{B}(G)}(H)$ for all $H \in L(G)$ for the above mentioned groups. Using these information we also compute Randic Connectivity index, Atom-Bond Connectivity index, Geometric-Arithmetic index, Harmonic index and Sum-Connectivity index of $\mathcal{B}(G)$.

math.GR↗

arXiv2024

On a bipartite graph defined on groups

Let $G$ be a group and $L(G)$ be the set of all subgroups of $G$. We introduce a bipartite graph $\mathcal{B}(G)$ on $G$ whose vertex set is the union of two sets $G \times G$ and $L(G)$, and two vertices $(a, b) \in G \times G$ and $H \in L(G)$ are adjacent if $H$ is generated by $a$ and $b$. We establish connections between $\mathcal{B}(G)$ and the generating graph of $G$. We also discuss about various graph parameters such as independence number, domination number, girth, diameter, matching number, clique number, irredundance number, domatic number and minimum size of a vertex cover of $\mathcal{B}(G)$. We obtain relations between $\mathcal{B}(G)$ and certain probabilities associated to finite groups. We also obtain expressions for various topological indices of $\mathcal{B}(G)$. Finally, we realize the structures of $\mathcal{B}(G)$ for the dihedral groups of order $2p$ and $2p^2$ and dicyclic groups of order $4p$ and $4p^2$ (where $p$ is any prime) including certain other small order groups.

math.GR↗

arXiv2024

On the non-commuting graph associated to a finite-dimensional Lie algebra

In this paper, we define the non-commuting graph associated to a Lie algebra L and obtain some basic graph properties such as connectivity, diameter, girth, Hamiltonian and Eulerian. Moreover, planarity, outer planarity and isomorphism between two such graphs are also discussed in the paper.

math.AC↗

arXiv2024

On the commutativity degree of a finite-dimensional Lie algebra

In this paper, we introduce the commutativity degree of a finite-dimensional Lie algebra over a finite field and determine upper and lower bounds for it. Moreover, we study some relations between the notion of commutativity degree and known concepts in Lie algebras.

math.AG↗

arXiv2024

On the values of commutativity degree of Lie algebras

In this paper, the possible values of commutativity degree of Lie algebras are determined. Also, we define the asymptotic commutativity degree of Lie algebras and obtain the asymptotic commutativity degree for some of them. Moreover, we prove the existence of a family of Lie algebras such that the asymptotic commutativity degree is equal to 1\qk for all q greater than 2 and a positive integer k.

math.AG↗

arXiv2015

Relative Cayley graphs of finite groups

The relative Cayley graph of a group $G$ with respect to its proper subgroup $H$, is a graph whose vertices are elements of $G$ and two vertices $h\in H$ and $g\in G$ are adjacent if $g=hc$ for some $c\in C$, where $C$ is an inversed-closed subset of $G$. We study the relative Cayley graphs and, among other results, we discuss on their connectivity and forbidden structures, and compute some of their important numerical invariants.

math.CO↗

arXiv2014

Planar infinite groups

We will determine all infinite $2$-locally finite groups as well as infinite $2$-groups with planar subgroup graph and show that infinite groups satisfying the chain conditions containing an involution do not have planar embeddings. Also, all connected outer-planar groups and outer-planar groups satisfying the chain conditions are presented. As a result, all planar groups which are direct product of connected groups are obtained.

math.GR↗

arXiv2014

On power graphs of finite groups with forbidden induced subgraphs

The power graph $\mathcal{P}(G)$ of a finite group $G$ is a graph whose vertex set is the group $G$ and distinct elements $x,y\in G$ are adjacent if one is a power of the other, that is, $x$ and $y$ are adjacent if $x\in\langle y\rangle$ or $y\in\langle x\rangle$. We characterize all finite groups $G$ whose power graphs are claw-free, $K_{1,4}$-free or $C_4$-free.

math.GR↗

arXiv2014

On cycles in intersection graph of rings

Let $R$ be a commutative ring with non-zero identity. We describe all $C_3$- and $C_4$-free intersection graph of non-trivial ideals of $R$ as well as $C_n$-free intersection graph when $R$ is a reduced ring. Also, we shall describe all complete, regular and $n$-claw-free intersection graphs. Finally, we shall prove that almost all Artin rings $R$ have Hamiltonian intersection graphs. We show that such graphs are indeed pancyclic.

math.AC↗

arXiv2014

Isomorphisms between Jacobson graphs

Let $R$ be a commutative ring with a non-zero identity and $\mathfrak{J}_R$ be its Jacobson graph. We show that if $R$ and $R'$ are finite commutative rings, then $\mathfrak{J}_R\cong\mathfrak{J}_{R'}$ if and only if $|J(R)|=|J(R')|$ and $R/J(R)\cong R'/J(R')$. Also, for a Jacobson graph $\mathfrak{J}_R$, we obtain the structure of group $\mathrm{Aut}(\mathfrak{J}_R)$ of all automorphisms of $\mathfrak{J}_R$ and prove that under some conditions two semi-simple rings $R$ and $R'$ are isomorphic if and only if $\mathrm{Aut}(\mathfrak{J}_R)\cong\mathrm{Aut}(\mathfrak{J}_{R'})$.

math.AC↗

arXiv2013

Relative n-isoclinism classes and relative n-th nilpotency degree of finite groups

The purpose of the present paper is to consider the notion of isoclinism between two finite groups and its generalization to n-isoclinism, introduced by J. C. Bioch in 1976. A weaker form of n-isoclinism, called relative n-isoclinism, will be discussed. This will allow us to improve some classical results in literature. We will point out the connections between a relative n-isoclinism and the notions of commutativity degree, n-th nilpotency degree and relative n-th nilpotency degree, which arouse interest in the classification of groups of prime power order in the last years.

math.GR↗

arXiv2012

Some considerations on the nonabelian tensor square of crystallographic groups

The nonabelian tensor square $G\otimes G$ of a polycyclic group $G$ is a polycyclic group and its structure arouses interest in many contexts. The same assertion is still true for wider classes of solvable groups. This motivated us to work on two levels in the present paper: on a hand, we investigate the growth of the Hirsch length of $G\otimes G$ by looking at that of $G$, on another hand, we study the nonabelian tensor product of pro--$p$--groups of finite coclass, which are a remarkable class of solvable groups without center, and then we do considerations on their Hirsch length. Among other results, restrictions on the Schur multiplier will be discussed.

math.GR↗

arXiv2012

On the multiple exterior degree of finite groups

Recently, two first authors have introduced a group invariant, which is related to the number of elements $x$ and $y$ of a finite group $G$ such that $x\wedge y=1$ in the exterior square $G\wedge G$ of $G$. Research on this probability gives some relations between the concept and Schur multiplier and the capability of finite groups. In the present paper, we will generalize the concept of exterior degree of groups and we will introduce the multiple exterior degree of finite groups. Among the other results, we will state some results between the multiple exterior degree, multiple commutativity degree and capability of finite groups.

math.GR↗