SearcharxivSearch

arXiv subjects

Albert M. Varonov

Publications and source records attributed to Albert M. Varonov.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

On the theory of supermodulation of the superconducting order parameter created by structural supermodulation of apex distance in optimally doped Bi$_2$Sr$_2$CaCu$_2$O$_{8+x}$

Recently using Scanning Josephson Tunneling Microscopy (SJTM) in the group of Séamus Davis a super-modulation of the superconducting order parameter induced by super-modulation of the distance $δ$ between planar Cu and apical O was observed in [O'Mahony et. al., PNAS Vol. 119(37), e2207449119 (2022)]. The authors conclude that: "concurrence of prediction from strong correlation theory ... with these observations indicates that ... super-exchange is the electron pairing mechanism of Bi$_2$Sr$_2$CaCu$_2$O$_{8+x}$". In our current theoretical study we use the LCAO approximation, Hilbert space spanned on 5 atomic orbitals: Cu$4s$, Cu$3d_{x^2-y^2}$, O$2p_x$, O$2p_y$, O$2p_z$. For the only super-exchange amplitude $J_{sd}$ we use the Kondo double electron exchange between Cu$4s$ and Cu$3d_{x^2-y^2}$ orbitals and its anti-ferromagnetic sign is determined by adjacent to the Cu ion in-plane O orbitals. Within this approximations we have calculated: "Measured dependence of \dots electron-pair density $n_p$ on the displacement $δ$ of the apical O atoms from the planar Cu atoms" depicted in Fig. 5(C) of O'Mahony \textit{et. al.} and obtained an acceptable accuracy. As a whole, the analyzed SJTM experiment is one of the best confirmations of J. Röhler [J. Röhler, Physica B: Cond. Matter Vol. 284-288, 104 (2000)] idea that hybridization of Cu4$s$ with conduction band leads to increasing of $T_c$. The lack of an alternative explanations for SJTM data $n_p$ versus $δ$ and shape-$T_{c,max}$ correlations for the description of the critical temperature of optimally doped cuprates for several decades on the background of a simple view gives a hint that the long sought pairing mechanism has possibly been found and the Kondo exchange interaction as a property of strongly correlated quantum matter deserves further attention in the physics of layered cuprates.

cond-mat.supr-con

On the Theory of Bulk Viscosity of Cold Plasmas and Thermodynamics of Alkali-Noble Gas Cocktails

By solving the kinetic equation for ionization-recombination processes in cold plasmas for temperatures much lower than the first ionization potentials, we derive an explicit expression for the complex polytropic index, as well as bulk viscosity. The obtained result for the ionization-recombination relaxation time reveals that the Mandelstam-Leontovich approximation for the frequency dependence of the bulk viscosity is actually an exact solution in the case of cold plasmas. We systemize also explicit general formulae for the thermodynamics of the alkali-noble cocktails in the same low temperature plasma approximation, allowing the Schwarzschild criterion on convectional instability to be derived, too. All these general results are applicable for cold stellar, interstellar and laboratory plasmas. Additionally, the wave heating of the inner solar atmosphere up to the solar transition region is studied thoroughly, and it is found that the magnetic diffusivity, heat conductivity, shear- and bulk viscosities all play an almost equally important part in the wave damping, therefore none of them can be omitted in realistic considerations of heating of the solar atmosphere.

physics.plasm-ph

On the Theory of Absorption of Sound Waves via the Bulk Viscosity in the Partially Ionized Solar Chromosphere

Bulk viscosity and thermodynamic variables of a hydrogen-helium cocktail: internal energy, enthalpy, pressure, their derivatives, heat capacities per constant density and pressure are obtained using temperature and density height profiles of the solar atmosphere [Avrett & Loeser, ApJS Vol. 175, 229 (2008)]. The qualitative evaluation for the necessary sound wave energy flux to heat the solar chromosphere is determined to be 320 kW/m$^2$. It is concluded that the bulk viscosity creates the dominating mechanism of acoustic waves damping and it is not necessary to introduce artificial viscosity or to conclude that shear viscosity is not sufficient for chromosphere heating; the volume viscosity induced wave absorption is sufficient.

astro-ph.SR

Metal-insulator transition in a CuO chain created by Kondo interaction

Over twenty years ago Alexei Abrikosov [A.A. Abrikosov, Metal-insulator transition in layered cuprates (SDW model), Physica C: Supercond. Vol. 391, 2, 147-159 (2003)] considered the Spin-Density-Waves (SDW) model for the metal-insulator transition in layered cuprates. In one of those cuprates, YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-δ}$, there are one-dimensional (1D) CuO chains of copper and oxygen ions. In the present work we consider the metal-insulator transition in the model case of a 1D CuO chain in the regime of half-filling of the band. Our model is essentially the same, but as an exchange interaction causing the metal-insulator transition, we consider Kondo-Zener two-electron exchange, which successfully describes many of the electronic properties of the layered cuprates.

cond-mat.supr-con

Kondo $s$-$d$ exchange in the CuO$_2$ plane as the long sought interaction determining $T_c$ in cuprates

The well-known Pavarini et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 047003 (2001)] correlation between the critical temperature $T_{c,\,\mathrm{max}}$ and the shape of the Fermi contour of the optimally hole-doped cuprates is explained within the framework of the BCS theory with Kondo exchange interaction incorporated as a pairing mechanism. The strong influence of the relative position of the Cu4$s$ level with respect to the Cu3$d_{x^2-y^2}$ level on the critical temperature $T_c$ reveals the importance of the $s$-$d$ hybridization of the conduction band. This hybridization is proportional to the $s$-$d$ exchange scattering amplitude between the conduction electrons -- the mechanism of $d$-wave pairing in the CuO$_2$ plane. In other words the Kondo interaction considered as a pairing mechanism in the CuO$_2$ plane gives a natural explanation of the correlation between the critical temperature and the shape of the Fermi contour. This result suggests that the long-sought pairing mechanism in high-$T_c$ superconducting cuprates has possibly been found and that the Kondo exchange interaction as a property of strongly correlated quantum matter deserves further attention in the physics of layered cuprates. To test the developed theoretical scheme, we explored in detail the recent results of the scanned Josephson modulation microscopy experiment of the modulation of the order parameter due to apex distance super-modulation. Our analysis shows a satisfactory agreement between our theory and the named experiment.

cond-mat.supr-con

Charging of capacitors with double switch. The principle of operation of auto-zero and chopper-stabilized DC amplifiers

The problem given to the 10 Experimental Physics Olympiad (EPO10) 7 December 2023, Skopje, 11:00-15:00. The Olympiad is organized by Society of Physicists Macedonia and the Sofia Branch of the Union of Physicists in Bulgaria. The experimental set-up illustrates the principle of chopper stabilized DC amplifiers described in the patent by Edwin Goldberg and Jules Lehmann, Stabilized direct current amplifier, U.S. Patent 2,684,999 (1949). Now this principle is implemented in many contemporary operational amplifiers. In such a way this student problem is related to the operation of widely used technical device and many participants successfully solved the problem.

physics.ed-ph

Influence of Ionization on the Polytropic Index of the Solar Atmosphere within Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium Approximation

An initial theoretical attempt to explain the observed decrease of the polytropic/adiabatic index $γ$ in the solar corona has been accomplished. The chemical reactions of the ionization-recombination processes in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) of a solar plasma cocktail containing heavy elements are found to cause $1.1 < γ\leq 5/3$ in the quiet solar atmosphere. It is also shown that the quiet solar atmosphere is in LTE justifying this theoretical study. This result is obtained by numerically solving the Saha equation and subsequently using a newly derived equation for calculation of the polytropic index from thermodynamic partial derivatives of the enthalpy and pressure with respect to density and temperature. In addition, a comparison between calculated in this way polytropic index and measured from spectroscopic observations of propagating slow magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) waves in coronal loops shows that LTE ionization accounts for very small part of the observed decrease of $γ$ meaning that the solar plasma in the active region is not in LTE as expected. However, the observed dependency of higher polytropic index at higher temperatures is confirmed by the current theoretical approach. It is concluded that to account for the polytropic index decrease in the active regions of the solar corona, it is necessary kinetic non-LTE ionization calculations to be performed.

astro-ph.SR

The Influence of $s$-$d$ Exchange Interaction on the Gap Anisotropy and Anisotropy of the Lifetime of Normal State Charge Carriers of Layered Cuprates

The anisotropy of the electron scattering rate and lifetime $Γ_\mathbf{p}=1/τ_\mathbf{p}$ observed by Angle Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy (ARPES) is evaluated using $s$-$d$ Kondo-Zener exchange Hamiltonian used previously to describe superconducting properties of high-$T_c$ cuprates; for correlation between critical temperature $T_c$ and BCS coupling constant, for example. The performed qualitative analysis reveals that "cold spots" correspond to nodal regions of the superconducting phase where the superconducting gap is zero, because the exchange interaction is annulled. Vice versa, "hot spots" and intensive scattering in the normal state correspond to the regions with maximal gap in the superconducting phase. We have obtained that separable kernel postulated in the Fermi liquid approach to the normal phase is the same kernel which is exactly calculated in the framework of the $s$-$d$ approach in the Linear Combination of Atomic Orbital (LCAO) approximation for CuO$_2$ plane. In this sense, at least on the qualitative level, the superconducting cuprates are described by one and the same Hamiltonian applied to their superconducting and normal properties. For the overdopedcuprates having conventional Fermi liquid behavior we derived the corresponding Stoss-integral for the $s$-$d$ interaction in the framework of LCAO approximation which is the central result of the present study. Repeating the thermodynamics we observed that for optimally doped cuprates $2Δ_\mathrm{max}/T_c$ is in good agreement with Pokrovsky theory for anisotropic gap superconductors.

cond-mat.supr-con

Hot spots along the Fermi contour of high-$T_c$ cuprates analyzed by $s$-$d$ exchange interaction

We perform a thorough theoretical study of the electron properties of a generic CuO$_2$ plane in the framework of Shubin-Kondo-Zener $s$-$d$ exchange interaction that simultaneously describes the correlation between $T_c$ and the Cu4$s$ energy. To this end, we apply the Pokrovsky theory [J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 13, 447-450 (1961)] for anisotropic gap BCS superconductors. It takes into account the thermodynamic fluctuations of the electric field in the dielectric direction perpendicular to the conducting layers. We microscopically derive a multiplicatively separable kernel able to describe the scattering rate in the momentum space, as well as the superconducting gap anisotropy within the BCS theory. These findings may be traced back to the fact that both the Fermi liquid and the BCS reductions lead to one and the same reduced Hamiltonian involving a separable interaction, such that a strong electron scattering corresponds to a strong superconducting gap and vice versa. Moreover, the superconducting gap and the scattering rate vanish simultaneously along the diagonals of the Brillouin zone. We would like to stress that our theoretical study reproduces the phenomenological analysis of other authors aiming at describing Angle Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy measurements. Within standard approximations one and the same $s$-$d$ exchange Hamiltonian describes gap anisotropy of the superconducting phase and the anisotropy of scattering rate of charge carriers in the normal phase.

cond-mat.supr-con

Possible zero sound in layered perovskites with ferromagnetic $s$-$d$ exchange interaction

We analyze the conditions for observation of zero sound in layered perovskites with transition metal ion on chalcogenide oxidizer. We conclude that propagation of zero sound is possible only for anti-ferromagnetic sign of the $s$-$d$ interaction. If the $s$-$d$ exchange integral $J_{sd}$ has antiferromagnetic sign, as it is perhaps in the case for layered cuprates, zero sound is a thermally activated dissipation mode,which generates only "hot spots" in the Angle Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy (ARPES) data along the Fermi contour. We predict that zero sound will be observable for transition metal perovskites with 4$s$ and 3$d$ levels close to the $p$-level of the chalcogenide. The simultaneous lack of superconductivity, the appearance of hot spots in ARPES data, and the proximity of the three named levels, represents the significant hint for the choice of material to be investigated.

cond-mat.supr-con

Probability distribution function of crossover frequency of operational amplifiers

For the first time the cumulative distribution function of the crossover frequency of a contemporary operational amplifier ADA4898-2 is experimentally studied. Using a USB Lock-In amplifier, which allows automatic frequency sweep of the current response of a non-inverting amplifier with significant static amplification, we measure the crossover frequency of 200 samples of ADA4898-2 operational amplifiers. This new method gives a significant advantage in accuracy and speed of study of every operational amplifier. The theory we use is based on the universal relation between time dependent output and input voltages. This common relation for all operational amplifiers is applicable for frequencies much smaller than the crossover frequency and the frequencies of non-dominant poles. In other words, this approximation is adequate, when an operational amplifier is included in a circuit with significant amplification.

eess.SP

On the Influence of the Ionization-Recombination Processes on Hydrogen Plasma Polytropic Index

The polytropic (adiabatic) index for pure hydrogen plasma is analytically calculated as function of reciprocal temperature and degree of ionization. Additionally, the polytropic index is graphically represented as a function of temperature and density. It is concluded that the partially ionized hydrogen plasma cannot be exactly polytropic. The calculated deviations from the mono-atomic value 5/3 are measurable. The analytical result for pure hydrogen plasma is a test example how this approach can be extended for arbitrary gas cocktail.

astro-ph.SR

Sound Absorption in Partially Ionized Hydrogen Plasma and Heating Mechanism of Solar Chromosphere

The temperature dependence of rates of electron impact ionization and two electrons recombination are calculated using Wannier cross section of electron impact ionization of neutral hydrogen atom. Entropy production and power dissipation are derived for the case when the ionization degree deviates from its equilibrium value. This is the special case of the obtained general formula for entropy production accompanying chemical reactions. Damping rate of the sound waves is calculated and the conditions when ionization processes dominate are considered. A quasi-classical approximation for the heating mechanism of solar chromosphere is proposed. Several analogous phenomena for damping rates in liquids and crystals are shortly discussed, for example, deaf sound of a glass of beer or English salt solution. An explicit expression for the second or bulk (or volume) viscosity of hydrogen plasma is calculated from firsts principles. For the first time some second viscosity is calculated from first principles.

physics.plasm-ph

Scientific instrument for creation of effective Cooper pair mass spectroscopy

We describe electronic instruments for creation of effective Cooper pair spectroscopy. The suggested spectroscopy requires study of electric field effects on the surface of cleaved superconductors. The electronic instrument reacquires low noise amplifier with 10$^6$ amplitude amplification which we have formerly used for study of Johnson-Nyquist and Schottky noises. The nonspecific amplifier is followed by high-Q tunable resonance filter based on schematics of general impedance converter topology which is also and innovative device. The work of the device is based on the Manhattan equation of operational amplifier. After a final nonspecific amplification the total amplification can exceed 10$^9$ and in such a way sub-nano-volt signals can be reliably detected. In short the observation of new effects in condensed matter physics leads to creation of new generation of electronic equipment.

cond-mat.supr-con

Slow magnetosonic wave absorption by pressure induced ionization-recombination dissipation

A new mechanisms for damping of slow magnetosonic waves (SMW) by pressure induced oscillations of the ionization degree is proposed. An explicit formula for the damping rate is quantitatively derived. Physical conditions where the new mechanism will dominate are briefly discussed. The ionization-recombination damping is frequency independent and has no hydrodynamic interpretation. Roughly speaking large area of partially ionized plasma are damper for basses of SMW while usual MHD mechanisms operate as a low pass filter. The derived damping rate is proportional to the square of the sine between the constant magnetic field and the wave-vector. Angular distribution of the spectral density of SMW and Alfvén waves (AW) created by turbulent regions and passing through large regions of partially ionized plasma is qualitatively considered. The calculated damping rate is expressed by the electron impact cross section of the hydrogen atom and in short all details of the proposed damping mechanisms are well studied.

physics.plasm-ph

Nanotechnological Structure for Observation of Current Induced Contact Potential Difference and Creation of Effective Cooper Pair Mass-Spectroscopy

Changes of the electron work-function of a superconductor proportional to the square of the current density $Δϕ= -βj^2$ are known as Bernoulli effect in superconductors or current induced Contact Potential Difference (CPD). The temperature dependent constant $β(T;m^{\star})$ is parametrized by the effective mass of Cooper pairs $m^{\star}$. In such a way the study of the Bernoulli effect leads to creation of Cooper pair mass-spectroscopy. In this paper a short review on the Bernoulli effect in superconductors is given and a proposed experimental set-up for its measurement is described in detail. The experiment requires standard electronic equipment and can be implemented in every laboratory related to physics of superconductivity. This experimental set-up for observation of current induced CPD requires nano-technological hybrid superconductor structures with atomically clean interfaces and measurement of nano-volt signals with capacitive coupling to the sample.

cond-mat.supr-con

The Day of the Inductance. Problem of the 7-th Experimental Physics Olympiad, Skopje, 7 December 2019

This is the problem of the 7-th international Experimental Physics Olympiad "The Day of the Inductance". A large inductance made by a general impedance converter is measured by the Maxwell-Wien bridge. The youngest students (S category) have the problem to measure the parameters of the elements in the experimental set-up. The students at middle age (category M) should balance a Wheatstone bridge with resistors only. The inductance measurement is supposed to be accomplished by the students from the upper age (L category) only. From the university students (XL category) we expect error estimation and professionally made measurement protocol. As a homework problem (Sommerfeld price) the general formula for the impedance of the general impedance converter, where the general equation for operational amplifiers is included, has to be derived. Problems for further work are also given in the text. The described set-up can be considered as a prototype for companies producing laboratory equipment.

physics.ed-ph

Electric Oscillations Generated by Fluctuation Cooper Pairs

A short review of the history and the contemporary numerical calculations of the operation of an electronic device for generation of electric oscillations by negative differential conductivity of a supercooled below the critical temperature superconductor. The superconductor is cooled below the critical temperature at applied small constant electric field, which keeps the superconductor in normal state. To simulate the device operation, beforehand analytical expressions for the conductivity of nano-structured superconductors supercooled below the critical temperature in electric field are used. The numerical analysis meant to alleviate the development of a device shows that the region of negative differential conductivity of the current voltage characteristics leads to generation of electric oscillations. The study of layered high temperature superconductors and radiated electromagnetic waves in space will be an important problem of the future space technology.

cond-mat.supr-con