Aleksander Ł. Lenart

arXiv2026

Probing Evolution of Long Gamma-Ray Burst Properties through Their Cosmic Formation History

The astrophysics of Long GRB (LGRB) progenitors as well as possible cosmological evolution in their properties still poses many open questions. Previous studies suggest that the LGRB rate density (LGRB-RD) follows the cosmic star formation rate density (SFRD) only at high-z and attribute this to the metallicity evolution of progenitor stars. For low z, opinions differ on whether the uptick in the LGRB RD is due to a distinct class of low-luminosity GRBs or perhaps even a different progenitor subclass. To investigate these questions, we utilize data from the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory and ground-based observatories (redshift). To test the hypothesis that the observations can be mapped (with/without evolution) to the well-established cosmic SFRD, we consider three cases: no evolution, beaming angle evolution, and a simple power-law evolution. The comparison shows that the 'no evolution' case can be ruled out. Our study highlights that the beaming angle evolution or the simple power law evolution are also not sufficient to obtain a good match between the LGRB-RD and SFRD. Rather, the inclusion of multiple evolving properties of LGRBs in combination appears to be required to match the two rate densities in their entirety.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2025

The multiwavelength correlations quest for central engines of GRB plateaus: magnetar vs black hole spin-down

This manuscript presents a multilevel analysis of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). We focus on the plateau phase, which is often observed in the light curves (LCs) of GRBs. We discuss its observational properties and then thoroughly examine possible theoretical models to explain them. Inspired by the limitations of many currently known models, we introduce a novel scenario of an LC powered by the kinetic energy of a rotating black hole (BH). We investigate observational correlations between the properties of GRBs across the gamma, X-ray, and optical bands during the prompt and plateau phases of their LCs. Our analysis includes all GRBs with known redshifts detected by the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory (Swift) and the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (Fermi), as well as ground-based optical telescopes. We identify a tight correlation with the R^2 coefficient of ~0.89 for the three-dimensional Dainotti relation between the luminosity at the end of the plateau, its duration measured by Swift, and the peak luminosity measured by Fermi in the 10-1000 keV band. When accounting for redshift evolution, we achieve very small intrinsic scatter $σ_{int}=0.25\pm0.04$ (~43% reduction compared to the previous results). Additionally, we explore correlations involving the optical luminosity at the end of the plateau, yielding promising results. We investigate the clustering of different classes of GRBs in the investigated parameter space and discuss its impact on the aforementioned correlations as well as $E_{iso}$-$E^*_{peak}$ correlation. Notably, we demonstrate how to use the correlations as a powerful class discriminator. Finally, we discuss the theory supporting the evidence of the plateau emission. We present a new paradigm for the GRB plateau: energy extraction from a quickly rotating black hole (BH) via spin-down by a magnetically arrested disk (MAD). The abstract is continued in the comments.

astro-ph.HE↗