arXiv subjects

Alessandro V. M. Oliveira

Publications and source records attributed to Alessandro V. M. Oliveira.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2025

Codeshare agreements between airlines: literature review with the aid of artificial intelligence

Codeshare agreements are contracts that allow two or more airlines to share seats on the same flight. These agreements, which are widespread in commercial aviation as a response to highly competitive environments, have enabled the expansion of airline networks without additional costs or risks for the companies involved. The literature presents ambiguous effects associated with the practice, with evidence of increased supply and reduced prices in situations of route complementarity, while also pointing to anti-competitive impacts in markets where companies act as competitors. A review of scientific production over time, including theoretical contributions and case studies, is essential to understand the evolution of these agreements and their implications, especially in the Brazilian context, marked by its own characteristics and particular regulatory history. Thus, this article reviews the literature on codesharing, with an emphasis on the Brazilian market, and uses the Litmaps computational tool, based on artificial intelligence techniques, to support the contextual analysis of publications through their citation relationships. The ultimate goal is to identify and evaluate the main evidence accumulated over decades on the effects of these agreements in Brazil. The joint analysis of the contributions allows us to outline the current state of knowledge, characterize specificities observed in the Brazilian market, and identify gaps that may guide future studies.

eess.SY↗

arXiv2025

Cabin Layout, Seat Density, and Passenger Segmentation in Air Transport: Implications for Prices, Ancillary Revenues, and Efficiency

This study investigates how the layout and density of seats in aircraft cabins influence the pricing of airline tickets on domestic flights. The analysis is based on microdata from boarding passes linked to face-to-face interviews with passengers, allowing us to relate the price paid to the location on the aircraft seat map, as well as market characteristics and flight operations. Econometric models were estimated using the Post-Double-Selection LASSO (PDS-LASSO) procedure, which selects numerous controls for unobservable factors linked to commercial and operational aspects, thus enabling better identification of the effect of variables such as advance purchase, reason for travel, fuel price, market structure, and load factor, among others. The results suggest that a higher density of seat rows is associated with lower prices, reflecting economies of scale with the increase in aircraft size and gains in operational efficiency. An unexpected result was also obtained: in situations where there was no seat selection fee, passengers with more expensive tickets were often allocated middle seats due to purchasing at short notice, when the side alternatives were no longer available. This behavior helps explain the economic logic behind one of the main ancillary revenues of airlines. In addition to quantitative analysis, the study incorporates an exploratory approach to innovative cabin concepts and their possible effects on density and comfort on board.

eess.SY↗

arXiv2025

Layout de Cabine, Densidade de Assentos e Segmentacao de Passageiros no Transporte Aereo: Implicacoes para Precos, Receitas Auxiliares e Eficiencia

This study investigates how the layout and seat density in aircraft cabins influence the pricing of airline tickets on domestic flights. The analysis is based on microdata from boarding passes linked to face-to-face interviews with passengers, allowing us to relate the price paid to the location on the aircraft seat map, as well as market characteristics and flight operations. Econometric models were estimated using the Post-Double-Selection LASSO (PDS-LASSO) procedure in order to select numerous controls for unobservable factors linked to commercial and operational aspects, thus enabling better identification of the effect of variables such as advance purchase, reason for travel, fuel price, market structure, and load factor, among others. The results suggest that a higher density of seat rows is associated with lower prices, reflecting economies of scale with the increase in aircraft size and gains in operational efficiency. An unexpected result was also obtained: in situations where there was no seat selection fee, passengers with more expensive tickets were often allocated middle seats due to purchasing at short notice, when the side alternatives were no longer available. This behavior helps explain the economic logic behind one of the main ancillary revenues of airlines. In addition to quantitative analysis, the study incorporates an exploratory approach to innovative cabin concepts and their possible effects on density and comfort on board.

econ.GN↗

arXiv2025

Congestionamento Aeroportuario, Escassez de Capacidade e Planejamento na Macrometropole Paulista

This article presents an analytical account of the capacity limits and operational challenges of the main airports in the São Paulo Macrometropolis. Drawing on international examples, such as London Heathrow, it discusses how large hubs combine high traffic generation with severe physical constraints, highlighting how saturation intensifies delays, operating costs, and pressures for expansion. It analyzes capacity scarcity as a central economic problem, in which runways, aprons, boarding gates, and terminals become critical resources whose use requires administrative and market mechanisms, including slot coordination, prioritization rules, and regulatory incentives. It discusses the limitations imposed by high earthmoving costs, environmental impacts, and expropriation costs, which restrict the physical expansion of central airports such as Congonhas and increase dependence on efficiency gains. Demand projections indicate that the combined capacity of Congonhas, Guarulhos, and Viracopos is likely to be exceeded, even in conservative scenarios, reinforcing the urgency of integrated planning. The effects of regulatory restrictions on Congonhas, the challenges of expanding Guarulhos, and the structural difficulties of Viracopos are evaluated, highlighting the strategic relevance of this multi-airport system for sustaining national connectivity.

physics.soc-ph↗

arXiv2025

Modelos Empiricos de Pos-Dupla Selecao por LASSO: Discussoes para Estudos do Transporte Aereo

This paper presents and discusses forms of estimation by regularized regression and model selection using the LASSO method - Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator. LASSO is recognized as one of the main supervised learning methods applied to high-dimensional econometrics, allowing work with large volumes of data and multiple correlated controls. Conceptual issues related to the consequences of high dimensionality in modern econometrics and the principle of sparsity, which underpins regularization procedures, are addressed. The study examines the main post-double selection and post-regularization models, including variations applied to instrumental variable models. A brief description of the lassopack routine package, its syntaxes, and examples of HD, HDS (High-Dimension Sparse), and IV-HDS models, with combinations involving fixed effects estimators, is also presented. Finally, the potential application of the approach in research focused on air transport is discussed, with emphasis on an empirical study on the operational efficiency of airlines and aircraft fuel consumption.

stat.ME↗

arXiv2025

Low-Cost Carriers in Aviation: Significance and Developments

This paper aims to discuss the impacts of low-cost airlines on the air transport market and, in particular, to present the most recent findings from the specialized literature in this field. To this end, several papers published on the topic since 2015 were selected and analyzed. Based on this analysis, the main subjects addressed in the studies were categorized into five groups: (i) impacts of low-cost airlines on competing carriers; (ii) impacts on airports; (iii) general effects on air transport demand; (iv) effects on passengers' choice processes; and (v) broader effects on geographical regions.

physics.soc-ph↗

arXiv2024

Low costs na aviacao: importancia e desdobramentos

This study aims to discuss the impacts of a low-cost airline on the air transport market and, especially, to present the most recent findings from specialized literature in the field. To this end, various works on this topic, published since 2015, were selected and analyzed. From this analysis, it was possible to categorize the main topics discussed in the papers into five groups: (i) the impacts of a low-cost airline on competing airlines; (ii) impacts on airports; (iii) general impacts on the demand for air transport; (iv) effects on passengers' choice process; and (v) general effects on a geographical region.

econ.GN↗

arXiv2024

The seasonality of air ticket prices before and after the pandemic

This study investigates price seasonality in the Brazilian air transport industry, emphasizing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic airline pricing strategies. Given potential shifts in demand patterns following the global health crisis, this study explores possible long-term structural changes in the seasonality of Brazilian airfare. We analyze an open dataset of domestic city pairs from 2013 to 2023, employing an econometric model developed using Stata software. Our findings indicate alterations in seasonal patterns and long-term trends in the post-pandemic era. These changes underscore potential shifts in the composition of leisure and business travelers, along with the cost pressures faced by airlines.

econ.GN↗

arXiv2024

Companhias aéreas são todas iguais? A convergência dos modelos de negócios no transporte aéreo

This study discusses the literature on the convergence of business models of airlines in Brazilian air transport, focusing on the formation of flight networks. Initially, it analyzes the determinants of the network formation patterns of the "fundamental" business models (archetypes) of airlines in the first years after the sector's deregulation. Then, it discusses how the business models of Brazilian companies resemble these patterns. The literature highlights convergences between the network formation strategies of full-service companies in relation to older low-cost companies, in addition to business model redirections after mergers and acquisitions.

econ.GN↗

arXiv2024

Determinantes concorrenciais dos atrasos dos voos no aeroporto e na rota

Flight delays are a reality in the modern air industry worldwide. However, studies in the literature have investigated the competitive determinants of delays arising from factors originating at the airport and along the route separately. This work aims to present a national study that used a unifying approach from the literature, considering the local and global effects of competition on delays. The analysis took into account a phenomenon known as the "internalization of externalities" of airport congestion. Furthermore, it discusses the relationship between quality and competition on the route and the impacts of the entry of a low-cost carrier (LCC) on the delays of incumbent airlines in the Brazilian air market. The literature suggests that there is evidence of congestion internalization at Brazilian airports, in parallel with competition for quality at the route level. Additionally, the potential competition caused by the presence of the LCC leads to a global effect that suggests the existence of impacts other than prices on routes where it has not entered.

econ.GN↗

arXiv2024

Impactos da Navegação Baseada em Performance nos Tempos de Voo da Aviação Comercial

This work presents an analysis of recent literature examining factors that influence flight times in Brazil, with special attention to the impact of new technology implementations, specifically Performance-Based Navigation (PBN). PBN procedures began to be implemented in Brazilian airspace in 2009 and represent a new concept of air navigation, using satellites to create 3D flight routes that are shorter and more precise, potentially reducing the distances flown and consequently flight times and delays. Flight times depend on various factors, such as the size and complexity of the origin and destination airports, weather conditions, aircraft models, and how full the flights are. Therefore, to assess the impact of the new procedures, the variation in this set of factors must be taken into account. The results found in the literature suggest that Performance-Based Navigation had a positive impact, reducing flight times by about 1-2%, representing a saving of tens of thousands of flight hours from the beginning of implementations in 2009 until the end of 2018.

econ.GN↗

arXiv2024

Análise das estratégias de planejamento de tempos de voo pelas companhias aéreas

This study explores the approaches used by airlines in setting flight times. It highlights the need to balance operational and strategic factors, such as optimizing the use of resources - including aircraft, crew, and fuel - and managing the risks related to delays and congestion. The work details a national analysis focused on domestic flights, investigating the factors that influence companies to adjust scheduled flight times and the impact of this practice on punctuality. The results indicate that decisions about flight time are influenced by both operational and strategic aspects, being affected by competition and the sector's policies on punctuality and slot allocation. Furthermore, it was found that adding extra time is an effective strategy for reducing delays, although it may conceal system deficiencies.

econ.GN↗

arXiv2024

A padronização de frota e suas consequências para as companhias aéreas

This study addresses the growing standardization of airline fleets, highlighting that frequent passengers are more likely to fly on the same aircraft model more often. The objective is to analyze the fleet management of airlines and the impact of a reduced variety of models on company operations. The benefits of standardization, such as operational efficiency, and the risks, such as vulnerability to specific model failures, are discussed. The work reviews international scientific literature on the subject, identifying consensus and disagreements that suggest areas for future research. It also includes a study on the Brazilian market, examining how standardization affects operational costs and profitability in terms of model, family, and aircraft manufacturer. Furthermore, the relationship between fleet standardization and the business model of the companies is investigated, concluding that the advantages of standardization are not exclusive to low-cost companies but can also be leveraged by other airlines.

econ.GN↗

arXiv2024

A literatura das receitas comerciais em aeroportos: discussões e principais descobertas

The exploration of existing commercial opportunities has been increasing the share of commercial (non-aeronautical) revenues in the total revenues of airports worldwide. These revenues, also called commercial, non-aeronautical, or non-tariff revenues, come from rentals, duty-free shops, food and beverage sales, parking, advertising, etc. In other words, everything that is not the main business of the airport. Consequently, the dependence on commercial revenues has also become increasingly important, and airport managers are interested in understanding how to improve their financial results with this new revenue source, as it not only improves financial outcomes but also optimizes passengers' time and money consumption options at airports. Therefore, this chapter seeks to discuss the main determinants of commercial revenues at national airports, analyzing the possible impacts of the behavior of passengers from low-cost carriers (LCC) on these revenues, combined with other determining factors.

econ.GN↗

arXiv2024

Estudos de cenários de implantação de um imposto ambiental no transporte aéreo no Brasil

In recent years, the topic of global warming and greenhouse gas emissions has been increasingly in the media. This theme has raised various flags, showing concern for the future and seeking alternatives for a more sustainable life over the years. When studying greenhouse gas emissions, one of the main emitters of such gases is the burning of fuels, in which transport vehicles that depend on gas and oil are included. In this respect, air transport through aircraft is one of the sources emitting such gases. Aiming to reduce gas emissions, one of the ways to do this is by reducing fuel consumption; for this, aircraft would have to be more efficient, or the offer and demand for flights would be reduced. However, what if aircraft fuel consumption were taxed? What would be the effects of this on air transport? Could this be one of the alternatives to reduce emissions? To understand this relationship between taxation and a possible reduction in fuel consumption, a study was developed by the Aeronautics Institute of Technology (ITA), using an econometric model to understand how demand would be affected by changes in airfares. In addition, a simulation of possible environmental taxes on the values of air tickets was carried out to analyze the demand response and to get an idea if this taxation would really solve the emission problems.

econ.GN↗

arXiv2024

Determinantes do planejamento estratégico da rede de uma companhia aérea

This work focuses on trying to understand how the construction of an airline's network is made. For this purpose, the case of Azul was studied, investigating which and how factors affect the decision of this airline to enter domestic routes, in addition to analyzing how the merger of Azul with the regional airline Trip affected the company's network planning. For this, an academic study was conducted using an econometric model to understand the airline's entry model. The results show that Azul's business model is based on connecting new destinations, not yet served by its competitors, to one of its hubs, and consistently avoiding routes or airports dominated by other airlines. Regarding the effects of the merger, the results suggest that Azul moved away from its original entry model, based on JetBlue, to a model more oriented towards regional aviation, entering shorter routes and regional airports.

econ.GN↗

arXiv2024

Privatização de aeroportos: motivações, regulação e eficiência operacional

In this study, we will address some topics related to the privatization of airports in the scientific literature, in an attempt to provide an answer to the following question: does the privatization of airports bring positive results? Firstly, we turn our attention to the motivations leading to privatization, considering the two main parties involved, the government and the private sector. After all, the success of such a decision will be relative to the reasons that justify it. In a second moment, we will consider the regulatory issue, whose influence on the airport's financial performance is consolidated in the literature. In the third part, we address the main documented results of privatization, with special attention to productive efficiency, whose improvement is the most popular motivation for privatization.

econ.GN↗

arXiv2024

Econometric analysis to estimate the impact of holidays on airfares

The number of air transportation passengers during the holidays in Brazil has grown notably since the late nineties. One of the reasons is greater competition in airfares made possible by economic liberalization. This paper presents an econometric model of airline pricing aiming at estimating the impacts of holiday periods on fares, with special emphasis on three-day holiday events. It makes use of a database with daily collected data from the internet between 2008 and 2010 for the major Brazilian city, Sao Paulo. The econometric panel data model employs a two-way error components "within" estimator, controlling for airline/airport-pair fixed effect along with quotation and departure months effects. The decomposition of time effects between quotation and departure month effects is the main methodological contribution of the paper. Results allow for a comparative analysis of the performance of Sao Paulo's downtown and international airports - respectively, Congonhas (CGH), and Guarulhos (GRU) airports. As a result, the price of tickets bought 60 days in advance for flights with two stops leaving from the downtown airport fell by most.

econ.GN↗