Relational Gaze Transitions During Encoding Predict Episodic Recall of Naturalistic Scenes
Remembering a visual scene requires organizing distinct details into a cohesive event. This study investigates whether relation-guided gaze transitions provide a behavioural marker of this cognitive organization during episodic encoding and retrieval. By applying scene graph annotations to eye-tracking data, we measured whether gaze moved between objects that were meaningfully related within complex scenes. This approach allowed us to quantify relational scanning within naturalistic environments, moving beyond prior methods that relied on simplified displays or isolated relation types. Participants showed above-chance relational gaze during both initial viewing and blank-screen retrieval, indicating that gaze actively tracks scene structure during first viewing and at recall. Additionally, relational scanning at encoding predicted subsequent free recall of both object and relational details, even after accounting for salience, fixation frequency, meaning, and image-level differences. In contrast, relational scanning at retrieval did not predict recall success, suggesting that relational gaze is most functional to memory during its formation. Together, these findings show that relational gaze can be measured in complex scenes and may serve as a marker of episodic encoding during natural visual exploration.