On-sky binary source hypothesis testing beyond the diffraction limit using spatial mode demultiplexing based detection
Improving the resolution of telescope systems will provide the opportunity to study new physical phenomena in previously unobserved environments. Spatial mode de-multiplexing (SPADE) based imaging is a promising and rapidly evolving technique for pushing the resolution of optical telescopes beyond the diffraction limit. A key application of this technique is for near-optimal hypothesis testing for the presence of secondary and extended sources in the sub-diffraction regime. We present the first demonstration of a binary-SPADE based hypothesis testing instrument deployed on-sky. In our proof-of-principle experiment, based on mode demultiplexing with a double clad fiber coupler, we demonstrate detection of a binary star system separated below the diffraction limit. We perform measurements in the photon-starved regime where no image can be formed by traditional direct imaging. We find the scaling of the system's type II error rate (the ``binary source miss" chance) was heavily limited by unbalanced loss in our double-clad fiber coupler when compared to the idealized quantum limits. Despite this the evaluated type II error is always lower than a perfect direct imaging measurement. We expect that if this instrument is scaled to larger aperture telescope systems the effects of atmospheric turbulence will further degrade this system's performance.