Alexandra Houssaye | Searcharxiv

arXiv2026

Miniature giants: investigating limb long bone structure in dwarf proboscideans

Terrestrial vertebrates rely on their skeleton to provide structural support and allow the movement of the body. Heavy, graviportal taxa, such as extant elephants, exhibit numerous adaptive features in their bone anatomy enabling them to withstand their immense weight. Conversely, dwarfing events impose novel biomechanical constraints on the skeleton. The case of dwarf elephants raises the question of how graviportal animals adapt when undergoing drastic size reduction, and whether they retain graviportal features or exhibit paedomorphic traits. In this study, we examine the morphology and microanatomy of the six long bones in two fossil species of dwarf elephants, Palaeoloxodon tiliensis (adults) and P.___falconeri (juveniles), using both quantitative and qualitative approaches (3D geometric morphometrics, virtual slice comparisons, compact bone thickness cartographies). Our results show that in P.___tiliensis , the reduction in body mass is reflected in the morphology and microanatomy of the bones, suggesting a more flexed limb posture and a reduced parasagittal orientation compared to in fully graviportal proboscideans. Despite this shift, several key graviportal adaptations are retained in P.___tiliensis . Additionally, comparisons with early, non-graviportal proboscideans indicate that dwarf elephants exhibit a partial reversion to ancestral limb traits, while maintaining essential weight-bearing features. Finally, adult P.___tiliensis and juvenile P.___falconeri specimens exhibit a medullary area filled with trabecular bone, similar to that of extant elephants. Dwarf elephants are thus not scaled-down versions of their mainland ancestors, but instead display a combination of juvenile, graviportal and ancestral traits reflecting the impact of dwarfism on their evolutionary trajectory.

q-bio.TO↗

arXiv2025

Long-bone microanatomy in elephants: microstructural insights into gigantic beasts

One of the greatest challenges of terrestrial locomotion is resisting gravity. The morphological adaptive features of the limb long-bones of extant elephants, the heaviest living terrestrial animals, have previously been highlighted; however, their bone microanatomy remains largely unexplored. Here we investigate the microanatomy of the six limb long-bones in Elephas maximus and Loxodonta africana, using comparisons of virtual slices as well as robustness analyses, to understand how they were adapted to heavy weight-bearing. We find that the long bones of elephant limbs display a relatively thick cortex and a medullary area almost entirely filled with trabecular bone. This trabecular bone is highly anisotropic with trabecular orientations reflecting the mechanical load distribution along the limb. The respective functional roles of the bones are reflected in their microanatomy through variations of cortical thickness distribution and main orientation of the trabeculae. We find microanatomical adaptations to heavy weight support that are common to other heavy mammals. Despite these shared characteristics, the long bones of elephants are closer to those of sauropods due to their shared columnar posture, which allows a relaxation of morphofunctional constraints, and thus relatively less robust bones with a thinner cortex than would be expected in such massive animals.

physics.bio-ph↗