i-Caloric Effects: a proposal for normalization
Solid-state cooling based on i-caloric effects is considered the most promising alternative to replace the conventional vapor-compression refrigeration systems. It is possible to define an i-caloric effect as a thermal response registered in a material upon the application of an external field, characterized by an adiabatic temperature change (ΔT_S) or an isothermal entropy change (ΔS_T). Depending on the nature of the external field (magnetic field, electric field or stress field), the i-caloric effects can be categorized as magnetocaloric effect, electrocaloric effect, and mechanocaloric effect. We can still subdivide mechanocaloric effect in: elastocaloric effect, driven by uniaxial stress; barocaloric effect, driven by isotropic stress (pressure); and torsiocaloric effect, driven by a torque in a prismatic bar, causing a pure shear stress of torsion. The study of i-caloric effects dates from the beginning of 19th century. Nevertheless, due to the independent development of investigations on each effect, there are no stablished standards regarding terminology or results evaluation up to now, making the understanding quite challenging for the community. In this context, we present a proposal for normalization of i-caloric effects, considering different aspects, such as nomenclature, thermodynamics and figures of merit.