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Alexey Bakshaev

Publications and source records attributed to Alexey Bakshaev.

2 recordsLinked to original sources

Market-making with reinforcement-learning (SAC)

The paper explores the application of a continuous action space soft actor-critic (SAC) reinforcement learning model to the area of automated market-making. The reinforcement learning agent receives a simulated flow of client trades, thus accruing a position in an asset, and learns to offset this risk by either hedging at simulated "exchange" spreads or by attracting an offsetting client flow by changing offered client spreads (skewing the offered prices). The question of learning minimum spreads that compensate for the risk of taking the position is being investigated. Finally, the agent is posed with a problem of learning to hedge a blended client trade flow resulting from independent price processes (a "portfolio" position). The position penalty method is introduced to improve the convergence. An Open-AI gym-compatible hedge environment is introduced and the Open AI SAC baseline RL engine is being used as a learning baseline.

q-fin.PR

Accrual valuation and mark to market adjustment

This paper provides intuition on the relationship of accrual and mark-to-market valuation for cash and forward interest rate trades. Discounted cashflow valuation is compared to spread-based valuation for forward trades, which explains the trader's view on valuation. This is followed by Taylor series approximation for cash trades, uncovering simple intuition behind accrual valuation and mark-to-market adjustment. It is followed by the PNL example modelled in R. Within the Taylor approximation framework, theta and delta are explained. The concept of deferral is explained taking Forward Rate Agreement (FRA) as an example.

q-fin.PR