CDBM: Complexity-Diversity Framework for Building Morphology Analysis
We introduce Complexity-Diversity Building Metrics (CDBM), twelve interpretable descriptors for building massings represented as vertical extrusions. They measure how strongly geometric detail is expressed (complexity) and how unevenly it varies across one- and two-dimensional elements (diversity). Computed for 482,241,306 OpenStreetMap buildings and compared with 3D Building Metrics (3DBM) and the LION shape latent on task-specific samples, CDBM is tested on function, region, contextual relevance, real-generated discrimination, human preference and geometry-conditioned generation. With gradient boosting, CDBM best separates generated from mapped massings and best matches human preference; with logistic regression it matches 3DBM on realism. 3DBM leads on the other three tasks. As generation targets, the descriptors show that models struggle to produce strongly expressed and heterogeneous forms. CDBM complements existing indicators.