Probing deuterium-induced magnetic phase transitions in TbCo alloys with in-situ polarized neutron reflectometry
Hydrogen-based magneto-ionics is a promising approach for rapid magnetoelectric control of spintronic devices. Most investigations so far into the magneto-ionic manipulation of rare-earth transition-metal alloys have used electrochemical methods for evaluating the magnetoelectric properties, but this technique makes it difficult to discriminate between the effects of competing ionic species. In this work, we use atmospheric loading to evaluate the effect of an isotope of hydrogen, deuterium, on the magnetic properties of TbCo films using in-situ polarized neutron reflectometry. With this approach, we are able to simultaneously measure the magnetization, thickness expansion and deuterium concentration of TbCo films. We quantitatively observe the deuterium concentrations at which the paramagnetic phase transition occurs for a Tb-rich film, and the weakening of out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy for a Co-rich film. For the Tb-rich film the expansion of the film thickness is the primary mechanism identified for the paramagnetic phase transition, while for the Co-rich film no thickness expansion is observed. We also find that an oxidized interface is insensitive to deuterium loading, but remains exchange coupled to the rest of the film and can be indirectly manipulated by loading of deuterium in the alloy. We expect these results to be directly translatable to that of hydrogen.