Scalable Keyword Spotting via Modular Network Expansion
Keyword spotting (KWS) models on embedded devices often need to add new keywords after deployment, but updates are difficult when original training data are unavailable and regressions on existing triggers are unacceptable. At a fixed operating point, our method reduces average new-keyword false reject rate (FRR) from 6.46 to 4.37 versus a parameter-matched separate-model baseline and outperforms parameter-efficient tuning baselines (adapters, LoRA), while using fewer multiply-accumulate operations (MACs) under the same added-parameter budget ($\leq$10k): 16.34M vs 18.45M/20.52M. We achieve this via parameter-capped modular expansion: the base network, including batch-normalization statistics and the core classifier, is frozen, and only a lightweight expansion branch with a separate new-keyword head is trained, preserving core logits, shipped outputs, and thresholds for existing keywords.