Inflow-driven galaxy evolution - II: A hierarchy in the scaling relations of star-forming galaxies
The star-forming main sequence (SFMS; $M_\star$--sSFR), the gas-to-stellar mass relation ($M_\star$--$M_{\rm gas}/M_\star$), and the mass--metallicity relation (MZR; $M_\star$--$Z_{\rm gas}$) are three core scaling relations for star-forming galaxies, and together they encode the information about the baryon cycle that operates during galaxy evolution. We investigate how these relations emerge by modelling the gas flows that regulate the baryon cycle, using both an ideal and a cosmological gas flow model, and identify a hierarchy among the three relations, with one further parameter entering the scatter budget at each step. In our model, the SFMS and its scatter are set primarily by the formation time of the host halo, with a weak dependence on the star formation efficiency and the mass-loading factor. The gas-to-stellar mass relation follows from the ratio of the sSFR to the star formation efficiency, and inherits the scatter of both. The MZR in turn follows from the gas-to-stellar mass relation together with the mass-loading factor, their relative contributions depending on the galaxy evolutionary state between the inflow-driven regime and equilibrium. This hierarchy naturally introduces further correlations among the three relations, such as the fundamental plane of star formation ($M_\star$--$M_{\rm gas}$--SFR), the fundamental metallicity relation ($M_\star$--SFR--$Z_{\rm gas}$) and its gaseous counterpart ($M_\star$--$M_{\rm gas}$--$Z_{\rm gas}$), and the correlations of each relation with galaxy size, which traces the star formation efficiency through the star formation law. Together, the three core scaling relations and the higher-dimensional correlations among them follow from a single framework, providing a foundation for linking the observables of star-forming galaxies to the underlying baryon cycle.