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Amartya Saha

Publications and source records attributed to Amartya Saha.

12 recordsLinked to original sources

Scattering of Null strings - Flipped Vacuum & CHY

We investigate the scattering of null tensionless strings. Classical null strings, given by the ILST action, give rise to three distinct quantum theories built on different vacua and representations of the underlying 2d Conformal Carroll algebra (CCA) which form the residual gauge symmetries on the null worldsheet. In this paper, we are interested in the quantum theory built out of the so-called ``flipped'' vacuum which realises the highest weight representation of the 2d CCA. By considering a novel class of vertex operators, intimately connected to the compactified null string, we build scattering amplitudes of the theory. We show that one naturally obtains the Cachazo-He-Yuan (CHY) formulae when one considers scattering of massless states in the null ``flipped'' string.

hep-th

Double Copy from the Flipped Null String

We study the double-copy structure of tree amplitudes of the bosonic null string in the flipped vacuum. We show that its level-one vector correlator supplies the Cachazo-He-Yuan (CHY) kinematic half-integrand of the higher-derivative $(DF)^2$ gauge theory, while distinguished compact momentum-winding sectors generate the complementary Parke-Taylor factor. For factorized level-two states, the same Carrollian world-sheet produces two kinematic half-integrands and hence the symmetric double copy to the six-derivative Weyl-cubed graviton sector. Lattice sectors with common external momenta reproduce the Bern-Carrasco-Johansson (BCJ) ordering relation and the corresponding field-theory Kawai-Lewellen-Tye (KLT) representation. These results provide a direct Carrollian world-sheet origin of the double copy and point toward a current-algebra realization of the emergent color sector compatible with the $O(d,d)$ structure of the compact lattice.

hep-th

High energy scattering and null strings

We propose an instrinsic worldsheet description of the ultra-high energy regime of string scattering based on worldsheet symmetries. At very high energies, the fundamental string becomes tensionless and in flat target spacetimes, the worldsheet becomes a null surface. Tensionless null strings thus emerge and the worldsheet symmetries morph from two copies of the Virasoro algebra to the two dimensional (2d) conformal Carroll or equivalently the 3d Bondi-van der Burgh-Metzner-Sachs (BMS) algebra. Tensionless strings have three inequivalent vacua over which they can be constructed, leading to distinct quantum theories. High energy tensile strings naturally connect to null strings built on the so-called induced vacuum. Our principle goal in this paper is the construction of scattering amplitudes for null strings in the induced vacuum. We show that these amplitudes, constructed from worldsheet methods of the null string, coincide with the high energy limit of usual string amplitudes. A crucial part of our analysis is the construction of integrated vertex operators. This achieved by relying on lessons from the parent string theory and following the tensionless limit carefully. A striking feature of the null string is the blurring of differences between open and closed strings. We see this at the level of the amplitudes as well. We then focus on four-point amplitudes and recover all expected regimes including the Gross-Mende regime and the Regge limit. We finally comment on a new class of vertex operators which arise naturally only in the zero tension string. This reproduces all our earlier analyses when put onshell but also has hints of signatures beyond the perturbative tensile string.

hep-th

Holographic Carrollian Currents for Massless Scattering

We show that the Ward identities of a Carrollian CFT stress tensor at null infinity reproduce the leading and subleading soft graviton theorems for massless scattering in the bulk. We deduce the expressions of the stress tensor components in terms of the bulk radiative modes, and these components turn out to be local at $\mathscr{I}$ in terms of the twistor potentials. This analysis makes the correspondence between the large-time limit of Carrollian amplitudes and the soft limit of momentum space amplitudes manifest. We then construct Carrollian CFT currents from the ascendants of the hard graviton operator, which satisfy the $Lw_{1+\infty}$ algebra. We show that the large-time limit of their Ward identities implies an infinite tower of projected soft graviton theorems in the bulk, while their finite-time OPEs encode the collinear limit of scattering amplitudes.

hep-th

$w_{1+\infty}$ and Carrollian Holography

In a $1+2$D Carrollian conformal field theory, the Ward identities of the two local fields $S^+_0$ and $S^+_1$, entirely built out of the Carrollian conformal stress-tensor, contain respectively up to the leading and the subleading positive helicity soft graviton theorems in the $1+3$D asymptotically flat space-time. This work investigates how the subsubleading soft graviton theorem can be encoded into the Ward identity of a Carrollian conformal field $S^+_2$. The operator product expansion (OPE) $S^+_2S^+_2$ is constructed using general Carrollian conformal symmetry principles and the OPE commutativity property, under the assumption that any time-independent, non-Identity field that is mutually local with $S^+_0,S^+_1,S^+_2$ has positive Carrollian scaling dimension. It is found that, for this OPE to be consistent, another local field $S^+_3$ must automatically exist in the theory. The presence of an infinite tower of local fields $S^+_{k\geq3}$ is then revealed iteratively as a consistency condition for the $S^+_2S^+_{k-1}$ OPE. The general $S^+_kS^+_l$ OPE is similarly obtained and the symmetry algebra manifest in this OPE is found to be the Kac-Moody algebra of the wedge sub-algebra of $w_{1+\infty}$. The Carrollian time-coordinate plays the central role in this purely holographic construction. The 2D Celestial conformally soft graviton primary $H^k(z,\bar{z})$ is realized to be contained in the Carrollian conformal primary $S_{1-k}^+(t,z,\bar{z})$. Finally, the existence of the infinite tower of fields $S^+_{k}$ is shown to be directly related to an infinity of positive helicity soft graviton theorems.

hep-th

Carrollian Approach to $1+3$D Flat Holography

The isomorphism between the (extended) BMS$_4$ algebra and the $1+2$D Carrollian conformal algebra hints towards a co-dimension one formalism of flat holography with the field theory residing on the null-boundary of the asymptotically flat space-time enjoying a $1+2$D Carrollian conformal symmetry. Motivated by this fact, we study the general symmetry properties of a source-less $1+2$D Carrollian CFT, adopting a purely field-theoretic approach. After deriving the position-space Ward identities, we show how the $1+3$D bulk super-translation and the super-rotation memory effects emerge from them, manifested by the presence of a temporal step-function factor in the same. Temporal-Fourier transforming these memory effect equations, we directly reach the bulk null-momentum-space leading and sub-leading soft graviton theorems. Along the way, we construct six Carrollian fields $S^\pm_0$, $S^\pm_1$, $T$ and $\bar{T}$ corresponding to these soft graviton fields and the Celestial stress-tensors, purely in terms of the Carrollian stress-tensor components. The 2D Celestial shadow-relations and the null-state conditions arise as two natural byproducts of these constructions. We then show that those six fields consist of the modes that implement the super-rotations and a subset of the super-translations on the quantum fields. The temporal step-function allows us to relate the operator product expansions (OPEs) with the operator commutation relations via a complex contour integral prescription. We deduce that not all of those six fields can be taken together to form consistent OPEs. So choosing $S^+_0$, $S^+_1$ and $T$ as the local fields, we form their mutual OPEs using only the OPE-commutativity property, under two general assumptions. The symmetry algebra manifest in these holomorphic-sector OPEs is then shown to be $\text{Vir}\ltimes\hat{\overline{\text{sl}(2,\mathbb{R})}}$ with an abelian ideal.

hep-th

Non-Lorentzian Kač-Moody Algebras

We investigate two dimensional (2d) quantum field theories which exhibit Non- Lorentzian Kač-Moody (NLKM) algebras as their underlying symmetry. Our investigations encompass both 2d Galilean (speed of light $c \rightarrow \infty$) and Carrollian ($c \rightarrow 0$) CFTs with additional number of infinite non-Abelian currents, stemming from an isomorphism between the two algebras. We alternate between an intrinsic and a limiting analysis. Our NLKM algebra is constructed first through a contraction and then derived from an intrinsically Carrollian perspective. We then go on to use the symmetries to derive a Non-Lorentzian (NL) Sugawara construction and ultimately write down the NL equivalent of the Knizhnik Zamolodchikov equations. All of these are also derived from contractions, thus providing a robust cross-check of our analyses.

hep-th

Intrinsic Approach to $1+1$D Carrollian Conformal Field Theory

The 3D Bondi-Metzner-Sachs (BMS$_3$) algebra that is the asymptotic symmetry algebra at null infinity of the $1+2$D asymptotically flat space-time is isomorphic to the $1+1$D Carrollian conformal algebra. Building on this connection, various preexisting results in the BMS$_3$-invariant field theories are reconsidered in light of a purely Carrollian perspective in this paper. In direct analogy to the covariant transformation laws of the Lorentzian tensors, the flat Carrollian multiplets are defined and their conformal transformation properties are established. A first-principle derivation of the Ward identities in a $1+1$D Carrollian conformal field theory (CCFT) is presented. This derivation introduces the use of the complex contour-integrals (over the space-variable) that provide a strong analytic handle to CCFT. The temporal step-function factors appearing in these Ward identities enable the translation of the operator product expansions (OPEs) into the language of the operator commutation relations and vice versa, via a contour-integral prescription. Motivated by the properties of these step-functions, the $iε$-forms of the Ward identities and OPEs are proposed that permit for the hassle-free use of the algebraic properties of the latter. Finally, utilizing the computational techniques developed, it is shown that the modes of the quantum energy-momentum tensor operator generate the centrally extended version of the infinite-dimensional $1+1$D Carrollian conformal algebra.

hep-th

Layer Coherent Phase in Double Layer graphene at $ν^{}_1=ν^{}_2=0$

In the recent advancement in graphene heterostructures, it is possible to create a double layer tunnel decoupled graphene system that has a strong interlayer electronic interaction. In this work, we restrict the parameters in the low energy effective Hamiltonian using simple symmetry arguments. Then, we study the ground state of this system in the Hartree-Fock approximation at $ν^{}_1=ν^{}_2=0$. In addition to the phases found in monolayer graphene, we found an existence of layer coherent phase which breaks the layer $U(1)$ symmetry. At non-zero Zeeman coupling strength ($E^{}_z$), this layer coherent state has a small magnetization, that vanishes when $E^{}_z$ tends to zero. We discuss the bulk gapless modes using the Goldstone theorem. We also comment on the edge structure for the layer coherent phase.

cond-mat.mes-hall

BMS Modular Diaries: Torus one-point function

Two dimensional field theories invariant under the Bondi-Metzner-Sachs (BMS) group are conjectured to be dual to asymptotically flat spacetimes in three dimensions. In this paper, we continue our investigations of the modular properties of these field theories. In particular, we focus on the BMS torus one-point function. We use two different methods to arrive at expressions for asymptotic structure constants for general states in the theory utilising modular properties of the torus one-point function. We then concentrate on the BMS highest weight representation, and derive a host of new results, the most important of which is the BMS torus block. In a particular limit of large weights, we derive the leading and sub-leading pieces of the BMS torus block, which we then use to rederive an expression for the asymptotic structure constants for BMS primaries. Finally, we perform a bulk computation of a probe scalar in the background of a flatspace cosmological solution based on the geodesic approximation to reproduce our field theoretic results.

hep-th

Emergence of spin-active channels at a quantum Hall interface

We study the ground state of a system with an interface between $ν=4$ and $ν=3$ in the quantum Hall regime. Far from the interface, for a range of interaction strengths, the $ν=3$ region is fully polarized but $ν=4$ region is locally a singlet. Upon varying the strength of the interactions and the width of the interface, the system chooses one of two distinct edge/interface phases. In phase A, stabilized for wide interfaces, spin is a good quantum number, and there are no gapless long-wavelength spin fluctuations. In phase B, stabilized for narrow interfaces, spin symmetry is spontaneously broken at the Hartree-Fock level. Going beyond Hartree-Fock, we argue that phase B is distinguished by the emergence of gapless long-wavelength spin excitations bound to the interface, which can, in principle, be detected by a measurement of the relaxation time $T_2$ in nuclear magnetic resonance.

cond-mat.mes-hall

BMS Characters and Modular Invariance

We construct the characters for the highest weight representations of the 3d Bondi-Metzner-Sachs (BMS$_3$) algebra. We then use these to construct the partition function and show how to use BMS modular transformations to obtain a density of primary states. The entropy thus obtained accounts for the principle part of the entropy obtained from the BMS-Cardy formula. This suggests that BMS primaries capture most of the entropy of Flat Space Cosmologies, which are the flatspace analogues of BTZ black holes in AdS$_3$. We reproduce our character formula by looking at singular limits from 2d CFT characters and find that our answers are identical to the characters obtained for the very different induced representations. We offer an algebraic explanation to this arising from a (to the best of our knowledge) novel automorphism in the parent 2d CFT.

hep-th