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Amir Raz

Publications and source records attributed to Amir Raz.

18 recordsLinked to original sources

The late time ramp from chord diagrams in the double-scaled SYK model

We compute the ramp of the spectral form factor analytically from chord diagrams in double scaled SYK. We map the double-trace correlator to a sum of single trace two-point functions over a basis of operators. We then reproduce the local eigenvalue correlations in random matrix theory from the chord diagrams perspective, which is the $q= 0$ limit of double scaled SYK, and identify the relevant operators that give rise to the late-time ramp. We then extend the computation to finite $q$, resulting in the late time contribution to the spectral form factor. We verify that the late time asymptotics of the finite $q$ computation gives rise to the expected late time ramp. Our computation also provides the corresponding trumpet partition function and gluing factor for chords, which form the basis of a chord analog to topological recursion.

hep-th

Ordering the topological order in the fractional quantum Hall effect

We discuss the possible topological order/topological quantum field theory of different quantum Hall systems. Given the value of the Hall conductivity, we constrain the global symmetry of the low-energy theory and its anomaly. Specifically, the one-form global symmetry and its anomaly are presented as the organizing principle of these systems. This information is powerful enough to lead to a unique minimal topological order (or a small number of minimal topological orders). Almost all of the known experimentally discovered topological orders are these minimal theories. Since this work is interdisciplinary, we made a special effort to relate to researchers with different backgrounds by providing translations between different perspectives.

cond-mat.str-el

The Fractional Hall hierarchy from duality

We show that a modified version of Son's Dirac composite fermion theory proposed by Seiberg et al gives a candidate unified description of the gapped and gapless fractional quantum Hall states within a single Landau level. Our main tool is the successive application of three-dimensional dualities to partially filled Landau levels of composite fermions, which imply that this theory has a complicated landscape of gapped vacua and critical points. This construction is the Lagrangian, or effective field theory, analogue of the flux attachment procedure. The critical points exist at even denominator filling and are well-described by a Fermi surface for a weakly coupled composite fermion coupled to an abelian Chern-Simons theory. The gapped states include odd-denominator filling fraction states with an abelian Chern-Simons description which we show matches the one expected for hierarchy states, as well as non-abelian states at even-denominator filling that arise from pair instabilities of the composite fermion's Fermi surface.

hep-th

Quantizing Carrollian field theories

Carrollian field theories have recently emerged as a candidate dual to flat space quantum gravity. We carefully quantize simple two-derivative Carrollian theories, revealing a strong sensitivity to the ultraviolet. They can be regulated upon being placed on a spatial lattice and working at finite inverse temperature. Unlike in conventional field theories, the details of the lattice-regulated Carrollian theories remain important at long distances even in the limit that the lattice spacing is sent to zero. We use that limit to define interacting continuum models with a tractable perturbative expansion. The ensuing theories are those of generalized free fields, with non-Gaussian correlations suppressed by positive powers of the lattice spacing, and an unbroken supertranslation symmetry.

hep-th

Fractional Hall physics from large $N$ interacting fermions

We solve models of $N$ species of fermions in the lowest Landau level with $U(N)$-invariant interactions in the $N\gg 1$ limit. We find saddles of the second quantized path integral at fixed chemical potential corresponding to fractional Hall states with filling $ \frac{p}{q}$ where the integers $p$ and $q$ depend on the chemical potential and interactions. On a long torus there are $q$ such states related by translation symmetry, and $SU(N)$-invariant excitations of fractional charge. Remarkably, these saddles and their filling persist as extrema of the second-quantized action at $N=1$. Our construction gives a first-principles derivation of fractional Hall states from strongly interacting fermions.

hep-th

Spacetime Subsystem Symmetries

One characteristic feature of many fractonic lattice models, and a defining property of the exotic field theories developed to describe them, are subsystem symmetries including a conservation of not just net electric charge but also electric dipole moments or charges living on submanifolds. So far all such theories were based on internal subsystem symmetries. In this work we generalize the notion of subsystem symmetries to system with subsystem spacetime symmetries with locally conserved energies.

hep-th

Interacting Fractons in 2+1-Dimensional Quantum Field Theory

We analyze, in perturbation theory, a theory of weakly interacting fractons and non-relativistic fermions in a 2+1 dimensional Quantum Field Theory. In particular we compute the 1-loop corrections to the self energies and interaction vertex, and calculate the associated 1-loop Renormalization Group flows of the coupling constants. Surprisingly, we find that the fracton-fermion coupling does not flow due to an emergent coordinate-dependent symmetry of the effective Lagrangian, making this model a well-defined quantum field theory. We provide additional discussions on the regularization and renormalization of interacting fractonic theories, as well as both qualitative and quantitative remarks regarding the theory at finite temperature and finite chemical potential.

hep-th

Spectral Form Factor in Sparse SYK Models

We investigate the spectral form factor of the sparse Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model. We use numerical methods to establish that at intermediate times the connected part of the spectral form factor is the dominant one. These connected contributions arise from fluctuations around the disconnected geometry, not from a new saddle point. A similar effect was previously conjectured in SYK but required a value of $N$ out of reach of current numerical simulations.

hep-th

Large $N$ fractons

We consider theories of fractons with $N$ fields. These theories have exotic spacetime symmetries, including a conserved dipole moment. Using collective fields we solve these models to leading order in large $N$. The large $N$ solution reveals that these models are strongly correlated, and that interactions generate a momentum-dependent self-energy. Dipole symmetry is spontaneously broken throughout the phase diagram of these models, leading to a low-energy Goldstone description of what we dub "dipole superfluids."

hep-th

Spontaneously Broken Subsystem Symmetries

We investigate the spontaneous breaking of subsystem symmetries directly in the context of continuum field theories by calculating the correlation function of charged operators. Our methods confirm the lack of spontaneous symmetry breaking in some of the existing continuum field theories with subsystem symmetries, as had previously been established based on a careful analysis of the spectrum. We present some novel continuum field theory constructions that do exhibit spontaneous symmetry breaking whenever allowed by general principles. These interesting patterns of symmetry breaking occur despite the fact that all the theories we study are non-interacting.

hep-th

Multi-trace Correlators in the SYK Model and Non-geometric Wormholes

We consider multi-energy level distributions in the SYK model, and in particular, the role of global fluctuations in the density of states of the SYK model. The connected contributions to the moments of the density of states go to zero as $N \to \infty$, however, they are much larger than the standard RMT correlations. We provide a diagrammatic description of the leading behavior of these connected moments, showing that the dominant diagrams are given by 1PI cactus graphs, and derive a vector model of the couplings which reproduces these results. We generalize these results to the first subleading corrections, and to fluctuations of correlation functions. In either case, the new set of correlations between traces (i.e. between boundaries) are not associated with, and are much larger than, the ones given by topological wormholes. The connected contributions that we discuss are the beginning of an infinite series of terms, associated with more and more information about the ensemble of couplings, which hints towards the dual of a single realization. In particular, we suggest that incorporating them in the gravity description requires the introduction of new, lighter and lighter, fields in the bulk with fluctuating boundary couplings.

hep-th

Reduced Conformal Symmetry

We construct field theories in $2+1$ dimensions with multiple conformal symmetries acting on only one of the spatial directions. These can be considered a conformal extension to "subsystem scale invariances", borrowing the language often used for fractons.

hep-th

General Initial Value Problem for the Nonlinear Shallow Water Equations: Runup of Long Waves on Sloping Beaches and Bays

We formulate a new approach to solving the initial value problem of the shallow water-wave equations utilizing the famous Carrier-Greenspan transformation [G. Carrier and H. Greenspan, J. Fluid Mech. 01, 97 (1957)]. We use a Taylor series approximation to deal with the difficulty associated with the initial conditions given on a curve in the transformed space. This extends earlier solutions to waves with near shore initial conditions, large initial velocities, and in more complex U-shaped bathymetries; and allows verification of tsunami wave inundation models in a more realistic 2-D setting.

physics.flu-dyn

The double scaled limit of Super--Symmetric SYK models

We compute the exact density of states and 2-point function of the $\mathcal{N} =2$ super-symmetric SYK model in the large $N$ double-scaled limit, by using combinatorial tools that relate the moments of the distribution to sums over oriented chord diagrams. In particular we show how SUSY is realized on the (highly degenerate) Hilbert space of chords. We further calculate analytically the number of ground states of the model in each charge sector at finite $N$, and compare it to the results from the double-scaled limit. Our results reduce to the super-Schwarzian action in the low energy short interaction length limit. They imply that the conformal ansatz of the 2-point function is inconsistent due to the large number of ground states, and we show how to add this contribution. We also discuss the relation of the model to $SL_q(2|1)$. For completeness we present an overview of the $\mathcal{N}=1$ super-symmetric SYK model in the large $N$ double-scaled limit.

hep-th

Probing Brain Oxygenation Wave-forms with Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)

The technique of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) allows to measure the oxygenation of the brain tissue. The particular problems involved in detecting regional brain oxygenation (rSO2) are discussed. The dominant chromophore (light absorber) in tissue is water. Only in the NIR light region of 650-1000 nm, the overall absorption is sufficiently low, and the NIR light can be detected across a thick layer of tissues, among them the skin, the scull and the brain. In this region, there are many absorbing light chromophores, but only three are important as far as the oxygenation is concerned. They are the hemoglobin (HbO2), the deoxy-hemoglobin (Hb) and cytochrome oxidase (CtOx). The devices that were used in our experiments were : Somanetics INVOS Brain Oximeter (IBO) and Toomim's HEG spectrophotometer. The performances of both devices were compared including their merits and drawbacks. The IBO use for research has two drawbacks: the sampling rate is too small and the readings are limited to only two significant digits. The HEG device does not have these drawbacks, but is not developed sufficiently at this time to measure rSO2. We have measured the HEG readings and compared them with the rSO2 readings of the IBO. Results of an experiment are presented whose aim is to explore the relationship between respiration and cerebral oxygenation. Measurements of end tidal CO2 (EtCO2) were taken simultaneously with cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) using the INVOS Cerebral Oximeter of Somanetics. Due to the device limitations we could explore only subjects who could perform with a breathing rate of around 2/min or less. The results of all subjects clearly show a periodic change of cerebral oxygenation with the same period as the breathing exercises.

physics.med-ph

Oxygenation and Blood Volume Periodic Waveforms in the Brain

Results of an experiment are presented whose aim is to explore the relationship between respiration and cerebral oxygenation. Measurements of end tidal CO2 (EtCO2) were taken simultaneously with cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) using the INVOS Cerebral Oximeter of Somanetics. Due to the device limitations we could explore only subjects who could perform with a breathing rate of around 2/min or less. Six subjects were used who were experienced in yoga breathing techniques. They performed an identical periodic breathing exercise including periodicity of about 2/min. The results of all six subjects clearly show a periodic change of cerebral oxygenation with the same period as the breathing exercises. Similar periodic changes in blood volume index were observed as well.

physics.med-ph

Simple exercises that significantly increase cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygenation

We tested the hypothesis that simple exercises may significantly increase cerebral blood flow (CBF) and/or cerebral oxygenation. Eighteen subjects ranging in age from nineteen to thirty nine participated in a four-stage study during which measurements of end tidal CO_2 (EtCO2 - by capnometer) and local brain oxygenation (by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) sensor) were taken. The four stages were 1) baseline, 2) breathing exercises, 3) solving an arithmetic problem, and 4) biofeedback. During the breathing exercises there was a significant increase in EtCO2 indicating a significant increase in global CBF. The increase in global CBF was estimated on the basis of a theoretical model. During the arithmetic and biofeedback tasks there was a significant increase in the local (Fp1) oxygenation, but it varied between the different participants. The results may lead to new clinical applications of CBF and brain oxygenation monitoring and behavioral control. We foresee future more detailed investigations in the control of CO2 in brain circulation in specific regions of the brain involved in cognition and memory.

physics.med-ph

Probing brain oxygenation with near infrared spectroscopy

The fundamentals of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) are reviewed. This technique allows to measure the oxygenation of the brain tissue. The particular problems involved in detecting regional brain oxygenation (rSO2) are discussed. The dominant chromophore (light absorber) in tissue is water. Only in the NIR light region of 650-1000 nm, the overall absorption is sufficiently low, and the NIR light can be detected across a thick layer of tissues, among them the skin, the scull and the brain. In this region, there are many absorbing light chromophores, but only three are important as far as the oxygenation is concerned. They are the hemoglobin (HbO2), the deoxy-hemoglobin (Hb) and cytochrome oxidase (CtOx). In the last 20 years there was an enormous growth in the instrumentation and applications of NIRS. . The devices that were used in our experiments were : Somanetics's INVOS Brain Oximeter (IBO) and Toomim's HEG spectrophotometer. The performances of both devices were compared including their merits and drawbacks. The IBO is based on extensive efforts of an R&D group to develop a reliable device, which measures well the rSO2. It is now used efficiently in operating rooms, saving human lives and expenses. Its use for research however has two drawbacks: the sampling rate is too small and the readings are limited to only two significant digits. The HEG device does not have these drawbacks, but is not developed sufficiently at this time to measure rSO2. We have measured the HEG readings and compared them with the rSO2 readings of the IBO. Our findings show that the HEG can be used to measure relative changes of rSO2.

physics.bio-ph