arXiv subjects

Amit Kashi

Publications and source records attributed to Amit Kashi.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

arXiv2013

Explaining the type Ia supernova PTF 11kx with a violent-prompt merger scenario

We argue that the multiple shells of circumstellar material (CSM) and the supernovae (SN) ejecta interaction with the CSM starting 59 days after the explosion of the Type Ia SN (SN Ia) PTF 11kx, are best described by a violent prompt merger. In this prompt merger scenario the common envelope (CE) phase is terminated by a merger of a WD companion with the hot core of a massive asymptotic giant (AGB) star. In most cases the WD is disrupted and accreted onto the more massive core. However, in the rare cases where the merger takes place when the WD is denser than the core, the core will be disrupted and accreted onto the cooler WD. In such cases the explosion might occur with no appreciable delay, i.e., months to years after the termination of the CE phase. This, we propose, might be the evolutionary route that could lead to the explosion of PTF 11kx. This scenario can account for the very massive CSM within ~1000 AU of the exploding PTF 11kx star, for the presence of hydrogen, and for the presence of shells in the CSM.

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arXiv2013

Explaining the supernova impostor sn 2009ip as mergerburst

We propose that the energetic major outburst of the supernova (SN) impostor SN 2009ip in September 2012 (outburst 2012b) was a mergerburst event, where two massive stars merged. The previous outbursts of 2009 and 2011 might have occurred near periastron passages of the binary system prior to the merger, in a similar manner to the luminosity peaks in the nineteenth century Great Eruption of the massive binary system Eta Carinae. The major 2012b outburst and the 2012a pre-outburst, resemble the light curve of the mergerburst event V838 Mon. A merger of an evolved star with a mass of M1~60-100Mo and a secondary main sequence star of M2~0.2-0.5M1 can account for the energy of SN 2009ip and for the high velocities of the ejected gas. The ejected nebula is expected to have a non-spherical structure, e.g. bipolar or even a more complicated morphology.

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arXiv2012

Accretion of Dense Clumps in the Periastron Passage of Eta Carinae

We perform 3D hydrodynamical numerical simulations of the winds interaction process in the massive binary system $η$ Carinae, and find the secondary star to accrete mass from the dense primary wind close to periastron passage. This accretion is thought to result in the spectroscopic event and X-ray minimum observed in the system every revolution. In this study we limit ourselves to explore the role of clumps in the primary wind in triggering the accretion process. We include the gravity of the secondary star and the orbital motion starting 19 days (90 degrees) before periastron passage. The accretion process is triggered by dense clumps that cannot be decelerated by the ram pressure of the secondary wind. The dense clumps are formed by instabilities in the thin dense shell formed by the shocked primary wind gas. We explore the role of the numerical viscosity and some physical parameters on the initiation of the accretion process, and explain the unique properties of $η$ Car that allow for the periastron accretion process to occur. The accretion starts about a week before periastron passage, as is required to explain the several weeks long X-ray minimum.

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arXiv2012

The Interaction of the Eta Carinae Primary Wind with a Century Old Slow Equatorial Ejecta

We argue that the asymmetric morphology of the blue and red shifted components of the outflow at hundreds of AU from the massive binary system Eta Carinae can be understood from the collision of the primary stellar wind with the slowly expanding dense equatorial gas. Recent high spatial observations of some forbidden lines, e.g. [Fe III] lambda4659, reveal the outflowing gas within about one arcsecond (2300 AU) from Eta Car. The distribution of the blue and red shifted components are not symmetric about the center, and they are quite different from each other. The morphologies of the blue and red shifted components correlate with the location of dense slowly moving equatorial gas (termed the Weigelt blob environment; WBE), that is thought to have been ejected during the 1887 - 1895 Lesser Eruption. In our model the division to the blue and red shifted components is caused by the postshock flow of the primary wind on the two sides of the equatorial plane after it collides with the WBE. The fast wind from the secondary star plays no role in our model for these components, and it is the freely expanding primary wind that collides with the WBE. Because the line of sight is inclined to the binary axis, the two components are not symmetric. We show that the postshock gas can also account for the observed intensity in the [Fe III] lambda4659 line.

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arXiv2011

Formation of Bipolar Planetary Nebulae by Intermediate-Luminosity Optical Transients

We present surprising similarities between some bipolar planetary nebulae (PNe) and eruptive objects with peak luminosity between novae and supernovae. The later group is termed ILOT for intermediate luminosity optical transients (other terms are intermediate luminosity red transients and red novae). In particular we compare the PN NGC 6302 and the pre-PNe OH231.8+4.2, M1-92 and IRAS 22036+5306 with the ILOT NGC 300 OT2008-1. These similarities lead us to propose that the lobes of some (but not all) PNe and pre-PNe were formed in an ILOT event (or several close sub-events). We suggest that in both types of objects the several months long outbursts are powered by mass accretion onto a main-sequence companion from an AGB (or extreme-AGB) star. Jets launched by an accretion disk around the main-sequence companion shape the bipolar lobes. Some of the predictions that result from our comparison is that the ejecta of some ILOTs will have morphologies similar to those of bipolar PNe, and that the central stars of the PNe that were shaped by ILOTs should have a main-sequence binary companion with an eccentric orbit of several years long period.

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arXiv2011

The energy source of intermediate luminosity optical transients

We argue that transient systems with luminosity between novae and supernovae (SNe) are powered by gravitational energy of mass accreted onto, or a companion merges with, a main-sequence star. These transient events are termed Intermediate-Luminosity Optical Transients (ILOTs; other terms in use are Intermediate-Luminosity Red Transients and Red Novae). We show that despite the wide range of 10^{45}-10^{50} erg, the typical energy released by ILOTs can be expressed as a function of fundamental variables: the planck constant, speed of light, gravitational constant, electron mass, neutron mass, and ignition temperature of hydrogen. This expression explains why ILOTs are located between SNe and novae with respect to their total energy. We also put an upper limit on the power (luminosity) of ILOTs, which explains their lower luminosity than SNe.

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arXiv2011

A Circumbinary Disk in the Final Stages of Common Envelope and the Core-Degenerate Scenario for Type Ia Supernovae

We study the final stages of the common envelope (CE) evolution and find that a substantial fraction of the ejected mass does not reach the escape velocity. To reach this conclusion we use a self-similar solution under simplifying assumptions. Most of the gravitational energy of a companion white dwarf (WD) is released in the envelope of a massive asymptotic giant branch (AGB) or the red giant branch (RGB) star in a very short time. This rapid energy release forms a blast wave in the envelope. We follow the blast wave propagation from the center of the AGB outwards, and show that ~1-10 per cent of the ejected envelope remains bound to the remnant binary system. We suggest that due to angular momentum conservation and further interaction with the binary system, the fallback material forms a circumbinary disk around the post-AGB Core and the companion WD. The interaction of the circumbinary disk with the binary system will reduce the orbital separation much more than expected from the dynamical phase (where the envelope is ejected) of the CE alone. The smaller orbital separation favors a merger at the end of the CE phase or a short time after, while the core is still hot. This is another channel to form a massive WD with super-Chandrasekhar mass that might explode as a type Ia supernova. We term this the core-degenerate (CD) scenario.

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arXiv2011

Mergerburst Transients of Brown Dwarfs with Exoplanets

We explore the properties of an optical transient event formed by the destruction of a planet by a brown dwarf (BD) -- a BD-planet mergerburst. When a massive planet approaches a BD towards a merging process it will be tidally destroyed and will form an accretion disk around the BD. The viscosity in the disk sets the characteristic time for the event -- several days. We suggest that BD-planet mergerburst events have light curves resembling those of other intermediate luminosity optical transient (ILOT) events, such as V838 Mon, but at shorter timescales and lower luminosities. With the high percentage coverage of the sky, we expect that such events will be detected in the near future.

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arXiv2011

The N II Lines in Eta Carinae: A Further Evidence for Mass Transfer During the Nineteenth Century Great Eruption

We argue that the emission and the absorption components of he N II lines recently observed in Eta Carinae can originate in the secondary's wind acceleration zone. We base this claim in part on the presence of these lines in hot nitrogen rich stars, such as WN 8 stars, and on the expected clumpy nature of such winds. The envelope of the secondary star in Eta Carinae is expected to be nitrogen rich due to accretion of few solar masses of the primary luminous blue variable's nitrogen rich material during the nineteenth century Great Eruption. Another argument in support of N II lines origin in the acceleration zone of the secondary wind is the behavior of the emission components. The emission components of the lines show the same Doppler shift variation as that of the absorption components. The secondary's-wind origin of the N II lines is compatible with the binary orientation in which the secondary is closer to us near periastron passage.

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arXiv2011

Explaining the transient fast blue absorption lines in the massive binary system Eta Carinae

We use recent observations of the He I $\lambda10830 Å$ absorption line and 3D hydrodynamical numerical simulations of the winds collision, to strengthen the case for an orientation of the semimajor axis of the massive binary system Eta Carinae where the secondary star is toward us at periastron passage. Those observations show that the fast blue absorption component exists for only several weeks prior to the periastron passage. We show that the transient nature of the fast blue absorption component supports a geometry where the fast secondary wind, both pre and post-shock material, passes in front of the primary star near periastron passage.

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arXiv2011

Common Powering Mechanism of Intermediate Luminosity Optical Transients and Luminous Blue Variables

We study recent Intermediate Luminosity Optical Transients (ILOTs) and major eruptions of Luminous Blue Variables (LBVs), and strengthen claims for a similar mechanism powering both. This process is a short duration release of gravitational energy in a binary system. In some ILOTs a merger occurs and one of the stars does not survive the transient event, e.g., V838 Mon and V1309 Sco. In some transient events a rapid and short mass transfer process takes place and the two stars survive the transient event, e.g., the Great Eruption of Eta Carinae. We study new ILOTs and reanalyze known ones in light of new observations and models. We reach our conclusion by analyzing these ILOTs using the Energy-Time Diagram (ETD) where we plot the total energy of the eruption against its eruption timescale. ILOTs and major LBV eruptions occupy the Optical Transient Stripe (OTS) in the ETD. The upper boundary of the stripe is explained by our proposed model where a main sequence (or a slightly off-main sequence) star accretes at a very high rate (<~ 1 M_\odot yr^{-1}) from a companion. We identify one LBV, NGC 3432 OT, with two eruptions; one with weak total energy and the other with large total energy. It bridges the regions of the ILOTs and LBVs in the OTS. We further study the ILOT M85 OT2006 and show that it cannot be a nova, even not an extreme one. We build a model where ILOTs can become optically thin in a timescale of few years and the inflated envelope collapses into an accretion disk around the star. Such an ILOT will evolve blue-ward after few years.

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arXiv2010

LBV Eruptions Triggered and Powered by Binary Interaction

We suggest that major Luminous Blue Variable (LBV) eruptions are a result of a periastron passage interaction with the secondary star. The interaction must take place when the primary envelope is in an unstable phase. In our model the mass transferred to the secondary accounts for the energy and light curve of the eruption. We propose that all major LBV eruptions are triggered by stellar companions, and that in extreme cases a short duration event with a huge mass transfer rate can lead to a bright transient event on time scales of weeks to months (a `supernova impostor')

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arXiv2010

Periastron Passage Triggering of the 19th Century Eruptions of Eta Carinae

We reconstruct the evolution of Eta Carinae in the last two centuries, under the assumption that the two 19th century eruptions were triggered by periastron passages, and by that constrain the binary parameters. The beginning of the Lesser Eruption (LE) at the end of the 19th century occurred when the system was very close to periastron passage, suggesting that the secondary triggered the LE. We assume that the 1838-1858 Great Eruption (GE) was triggered by a periastron passage as well. We also assume that mass transferred from the primary to the secondary star accounts for the extra energy of the GE. With these assumptions we constrain the total mass of the binary system to be M=M_1+M_2>~250 solar masses. These higher than commonly used masses better match the observed luminosity with stellar evolutionary tracks. Including mass loss by the two stars and mass transfer from the primary to the secondary we obtain a good match of periastron passages to the two peaks in the light curve of the GE. Based on these finding and a similar behavior of P Cygni, we speculate that major LBV eruptions are triggered by stellar companions, and that in extreme cases a short duration event with a huge mass transfer rate can lead to a bright transient event on time scales of weeks to months (a ``supernova impostor'').

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arXiv2010

The Outcome of the Protoplanetary Disk of Very Massive Stars

We suggest that planets, brown dwarfs, and even low mass stars can be formed by fragmentation of protoplanetary disks around very massive stars M>~100 solar masses. We discuss how fragmentation conditions make the formation of very massive planetary systems around very massive stars favorable. Such planetary systems are likely to be composed of brown dwarfs and low mass stars of ~0.1-0.3 solar masses, at orbital separations of ~ few x 100 - 10^4 AU. In particular, scaling from solar-like stars suggests that hundreds of Mercury-like planets might orbit very massive stars at ~1000 AU, where conditions might favor liquid water. Such fragmentation objects can be excellent targets for the James Webb Space Telescope and other large telescopes working in the IR bands. We predict that deep observations of very massive stars would reveal these fragmentation objects, orbiting in the same orbital plane in cases where there are more than one object.

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arXiv2010

An Indication for the Binarity of P Cygni from Its Seventeenth Century Eruption

I show that the 17th century eruption of the massive luminous blue variable (LBV) star P Cygni can be explained by mass transfer to a B-type binary companion in an eccentric orbit, under the assumption that the luminosity peaks occurred close to periastron passages. The mass was accreted by the companion and liberated gravitational energy, part of which went to an increase in luminosity. I find that mass transfer of ~ 0.1 solar masses to a B-type binary companion of ~3-6 solar masses can account for the energy of the eruption, and for the decreasing time interval between the observed peaks in the visual light curve of the eruption. Such a companion is predicted to have an orbital period of ~7 years, and its Doppler shift should be possible to detect with high resolution spectroscopic observations. Explaining the eruption of P Cygni by mass transfer further supports the conjecture that all major LBV eruptions are triggered by interaction of an unstable LBV with a stellar companion.

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arXiv2009

NGC 300 OT2008-1 As a Scaled-Down Version of the Eta Carinae Great Eruption

We propose that the intermediate luminosity optical transient NGC 300 OT2008-1 was powered by a mass transfer episode from an extreme Asymptotic Giant Branch star to a Main Sequence companion. We find a remarkable similarity of the shapes of the light curves of the several months long NGC 300 OT2008-1 outburst, of the three months long 2002 enigmatic outburst of the B star V838 Mon, and the twenty-years long Great Eruption of the massive binary system Eta Carinae that occurred in the 19th century. Their similar decline properties hint to a common energy source: a gravitational energy that is released by accretion onto a main sequence star. These events populate a specific strip in the total energy vs. outburst duration diagram. The strip is located between novae and supernovae. We add recent transient events to that diagram and find them to occupy the same strip. This suggests that some intermediate luminosity optical transients are powered by accretion onto a compact object (not necessarily a main sequence star). These transients are expected to produce bipolar ejecta as a result of the geometry of the accretion process.

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arXiv2009

Galactic vs. Extragalactic Origin of the Peculiar Transient SCP 06F6

We study four scenarios for the SCP 06F6 transient event that was announced recently. Some of these were previously briefly discussed as plausible models for SCP 06F6, in particular with the claimed detection of a z=0.143 cosmological redshift of a Swan spectrum of a carbon rich envelope. We adopt this value of z for extragalactic scenarios. We cannot rule out any of these models, but can rank them from most to least preferred. Our favorite model is a tidal disruption of a CO white dwarf (WD) by an intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH). To account for the properties of the SCP 06F6 event, we have to assume the presence of a strong disk wind that was not included in previous numerical simulations. If the IMBH is the central BH of a galaxy, this explains the non detection of a bright galaxy in the direction of SCP 06F6. Our second favorite scenario is a type Ia-like SN that exploded inside the dense wind of a carbon star. The carbon star is the donor star of the exploded WD. Our third favorite model is a Galactic source of an asteroid that collided with a WD. Such a scenario was discussed in the past as the source of dusty disks around WDs, but no predictions exist regarding the appearance of such an event. Our least favorite model is of a core collapse SN. The only way we can account for the properties of SCP 06F6 with a core collapse SN is if we assume the occurrence of a rare type of binary interaction.

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arXiv2009

Explaining the Early Exit of Eta Carinae from its 2009 X-Ray Minimum with the Accretion Model

We use the accretion model to explain the early exit of Eta Carinae from its 2009 X-ray minimum. In the accretion model the secondary star accretes mass from the primary wind near periastron passage, a process that suppresses the secondary wind. As the shocked secondary wind is responsible for most of the X-ray emission, the accretion process accounts for the X-ray minimum. The early exit from the 2009 X-ray minimum after four weeks, instead of ten weeks as in the two previous minima, is attributed to the primary wind that during the last minimum was somewhat faster and of lower mass loss rate than during the two previous X-ray minima. This results in a much lower mass accretion rate during the X-ray minimum. We show that using fluctuations in these quantities that are within the range deduced from fluctuations in the X-ray flux outside the minimum, can account for the short duration of the last X-ray minimum. The shorter X-ray minimum may have further implications on the recovery of the system from the spectroscopic event.

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