arXiv subjects

Amro M. Farid

Publications and source records attributed to Amro M. Farid.

26 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

arXiv2021

Hetero-functional Network Minimum Cost Flow Optimization: A Hydrogen-Natural Gas Network Example

Over the past decades, engineering systems have developed as networks of systems that deliver multiple services across multiple domains. This work aims to develop an optimization program for a dynamic, hetero-functional graph theory-based model of an engineering system. The manuscript first introduces a general approach to define a dynamic system model by integrating the device models in the hetero-functional graph theory structural model. To this end, the work leverages Petri net dynamics and the hetero-functional incidence tensor. The respective Petri net-based models are translated into the quadratic program canonical form to finalize the optimization program. The optimization program is demonstrated through the application of the program to a hydrogen-natural gas infrastructure test case. Four distinct scenarios are optimized to demonstrate potential synergies or cascading network effects of policy across infrastructures. This work develops the first hetero-functional graph theory-based optimization program and demonstrates that the program can be used to optimize flows across a multi-operand network, transform the operands in the network, store operands over time, analyze the behavior for a quadratic cost function, and implement it for a generic, continuous, large flexible engineering systems of arbitrary topology.

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arXiv2020

A Distributed Economic Model Predictive Control Design for a Transactive Energy Market Platform in Lebanon, NH

The electricity distribution system is fundamentally changing due to the widespread adoption of variable renewable energy resources (VREs), network-enabled digital physical devices, and active consumer engagement. VREs are uncertain and intermittent in nature and pose various technical challenges to power systems control and operations thus limiting their penetration. Engaging the demand-side with control structures that leverage the benefits of integral social and retail market engagement from individual electricity consumers through active community-level coordination serves as a control lever that could support the greater adoption of VREs. This paper presents a Distributed Economic Model Predictive control (DEMPC) algorithm for the electric power distribution system using the augmented lagrangian alternating direction inexact newton (ALADIN) algorithm. Specifically, this DEMPC solves the Alternating Current Optimal Power Flow (ACOPF) problem over a receding time-horizon. In addition, it employs a social welfare maximization of the ACOPF to capture consumer preferences through explicit use of time-varying utility functions. The DEMPC formulation of the ACOPF applied in this work is novel as it addresses the inherent dynamic characteristics of the grid and scales with the explosion of actively controlled devices on the demand-side. The paper demonstrates the simulation methodology on a 13-node Lebanon NH distribution feeder.

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arXiv2020

The Hetero-functional Graph Theory Toolbox

In the 20th century, newly invented technical artifacts were connected to form large-scale complex engineering systems. Furthermore, the interactions found within these networked systems has grown in both degree as well as heterogeneity. Consequently, these already complex engineering systems have converged in what is now called systems-of-systems. The analysis, design, planning, and operation of these engineering systems from a holistic perspective has necessitated ever-more sophisticated modeling techniques. Despite significant advancements in model-based systems engineering and network science, these seemingly disparate fields have experienced similar limitations in addressing the complexity of engineering systems. Hetero-Functional Graph Theory (HFGT) has emerged as a means to address some of these limitations. This paper serves as a user guide to a recently developed Hetero-functional Graph Theory Toolbox which facilitates the computation of HFGT mathematical models. It is written in the MATLAB language and has been tested with v9.6 (R2019a). It is openly available on GitHub together with a sample input file for straightforward re-use. The paper details the syntax and semantics of the input file, the principal data structure of the toolbox, and the functions used to construct and populate this data structure. The toolbox has been fully validated against several peer-review HFGT publications.

cs.CE↗

arXiv2020

Hetero-functional Graph Resilience of the Future American Electric Grid

As climate change takes hold in the 21st century, it places an impetus to decarbonize the American electric power system with renewable energy resources. This paper presents a structural resilience analysis of the American electric power system that incrementally incorporates architectural changes including meshed distribution lines, distributed generation, and energy storage solutions. A hetero-functional graph analysis confirms our formal graph understandings from network science in terms of cumulative degree distributions and traditional attack vulnerability measures. Additionally, The paper shows that hetero-functional graphs more precisely describe the changes in functionality associated with the addition of distributed generation and energy storage. Finally, it demonstrates that the addition of all three types of mitigation measures enhance the grid's structural resilience; even in the presence of disruptive attacks. The paper concludes that there is no structural trade-off between grid sustainability and resilience.

physics.soc-ph↗

arXiv2019

A Dynamic System Model for Personalized Healthcare Delivery and Managed Individual Health Outcomes

The current healthcare system is facing an unprecedented chronic disease burden. This paper develops a healthcare dynamic model for personalized healthcare delivery and managed individual health outcomes. It utilizes a hetero-functional graph theory rooted in Axiomatic Design for Large Flexible Engineering Systems and Petri nets. The dynamics of the model builds upon a recently developed systems architecture for healthcare delivery which bears several analogies to the architecture of mass-customized production systems. At its essence, the model consists of two synchronized Petri nets; one for the healthcare delivery system and another for individuals' health state evolution. The model is demonstrated on two clinical case studies; one acute and another chronic. Together, the case studies show that the model applies equally to the care of both acute and chronic conditions, transparently describes health outcomes and links them to the evolution of the healthcare delivery system and its associated costs.

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arXiv2019

An Enterprise Control Assessment Case Study of the Energy-Water Nexus for the ISO New England System

The electric power generation mix of ISO New England (ISO-NE) is fundamentally changing. Nuclear, coal, and oil generation facilities are retiring while natural gas, solar, and wind generation are being adopted to replace them. Variable renewable energy (VREs) such as solar and wind present multiple operational challenges that require new and innovative changes to how the electricity grid is managed and controlled. Within the context of a New England case study, this paper looks at ways in which the water supply systems (water and wastewater treatment), and water dependent electricity generating resources (hydro, and thermal power plants) can be operated flexibly to help balance energy in an evolving grid. The study's methodology employs the novel but now well published Electric Power Enterprise Control System (EPECS) simulator to study the electric power systems operation, and the System-Level Generic Model (SGEM) to study the associated water consumption and withdrawals. This work studies six potential 2040 scenarios for the energy-water nexus of the ISO-NE system. It presents a holistic analysis that quantifies power system imbalances, normal operating reserves, energy market production costs, and water withdrawal and consumption figures. For scenarios with a high penetration of VREs, the study shows great potential of water resources to enhance grid flexibility through the provision of load-following, ramping, and regulation reserves by water resources. The work also provides significant insights on how to jointly control the water and energy supply systems to aid in their synergistic integration.

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arXiv2019

An Enterprise Control Methodology for the Techno-Economic Assessment of the Energy Water Nexus

In recent years, the energy-water nexus literature has recognized that the electricity and water infrastructure that enable the production, distribution, and consumption of these two commodities is fundamentally intertwined. Electric power is used to produce, treat, distribute, and recycle water while water is used to generate and consume electricity. In the meantime, significant attention has been given to renewable energy integration within the context of global climate change. While these two issues may seem unrelated, their resolution is potentially synergistic in that renewable energy technologies not only present low CO2 emissions but also low water-intensities. Furthermore, because water is readily stored, it has the potential to act as a flexible energy resource on both the supply and the demand-side of the electricity grid. Despite these synergies, the renewable energy integration and energy-water nexus literature have yet to methodologically converge to systematically address potential synergies. This paper advances an enterprise control methodology as a means of assessing the techno-economic performance of the energy water nexus. The enterprise control methodology has been developed in recent years to advance the methodological state of the art of renewable energy integration studies and used recently to carry out a full-scale study for the Independent System Operator (ISO) New England system. The methodology quantifies day-ahead and real-time energy market production costs, dispatched energy mixes, required operating reserves, levels of curtailment, and grid imbalances. This energy-water nexus methodological extension now includes flexible water-energy resources within the grid's energy resource portfolio and quantifies the amounts of water withdrawn and consumed. The simulation methodology is demonstrated on a modified version of the RTS-96 (RTS-GMLC) test case.

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arXiv2018

The 2017 ISO New England System Operational Analysis and Renewable Energy Integration Study (SOARES)

The bulk electric power system in New England is fundamentally changing. The representation of nuclear, coal and oil generation facilities is set to dramatically fall, and natural gas, wind and solar facilities will come to fill their place. The introduction of variable energy resources (VERs) like solar and wind, however, necessitates fundamental changes in the power grid's dynamic operation. VER forecasts are uncertain and their profiles are intermittent thus requiring greater quantities of operating reserves. This paper describes the methodology and the key findings of the 2017 ISO New England System Operational Analysis and Renewable Energy Integration Study (SOARES). This study was commissioned by the ISO New England stakeholders to investigate the effect of several scenarios of varying generation mix on normal operating reserves. The project was conducted using the holistic assessment approach called the Electric Power Enterprise Control System (EPECS) simulator.The EPECS characterizes a power system in terms of the physical power grid and its multiple layers of control including commitment decisions, economic dispatch, and regulation services. This paper provides precise definitions of how variable energy resources and operating reserves are modeled. It also includes detailed models of the day-ahead resource scheduling, the same-day resource scheduling, the real-time balancing operations and the regulation service. Among the key findings, the reports shows that scenarios with high penetrations of VERs exhaust their operating reserves for part of the year and all scenarios curtail semi-dispatchable resources both to complement operating reserves and to mitigate some of the topological limitations of the system. Overall, curtailment emerges as a key balancing performance control lever and there is a clear need for higher amounts of operating reserves.

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