Cooperative O-H$\cdotsπ$ and C-H$\cdots$O Hydrogen Bonding in Benzene-Methanol Solution: Strong Structures from Weak Interactions
Weak hydrogen bonds, such as O-H$\cdotsπ$ and C-H$\cdots$O, are pivotal in a wide range of important natural and industrial processes including biochemical assembly, molecular recognition, and chemical selectivity. In this study we use neutron diffraction in conjunction with comprehensive H/D isotopic substitution to obtain a detailed spatial and orientational picture of the structure in benzene-methanol solution. This system provides us with a prototypical situation where the aromatic ring can act as an hydrogen bond acceptor (via the $π$ electron density) and/or a hydrogen bond donor (via the CH groups), with the potential for cooperative effects. Our analysis places benzene at the centre of our frame-of-reference, and reveals for the first time that in solution the O-H$\cdotsπ$ interaction is highly localised and directional, the hydrogen atom being located directly above/below the ring centroid at a distance of 2.30 Å and with the hydroxyl bond axis normal to the aromatic plane. The tendency of methanol to form chain and cyclic motifs in the bulk liquid is manifest in a highly templated, symmetrical equatorial solvation structure; the methanol molecules surround the benzene so that the O-H bonds are coplanar with the aromatic ring while the oxygens interact with C-H groups through simultaneous bifurcated hydrogen bonds. By contrast, C-H$\cdotsπ$ interactions are relegated to the role of more distant spectators. The experimentally observed solvation therefore demonstrates that weak hydrogen bonding can give rise to strongly-ordered cooperative structural motifs also in the liquid phase.