A Perron-Frobenius strong threshold theorem for (A, B, P, ϕ) balanced bilinear models, and the role of left and right Perron eigenvectors in mathematical epidemiology
This paper started as a review of seven results pertaining to a family of bilinear models with rank one NGM introduced by Fall, Iggidr, Sallet and Bonzi, which utilize the explicit eigenvectors of the NGM to compute the unique endemic equilibrium (EE), and Lyapunov functions at both the disease free equilibrium (DFE) and EE, and of results of Shuai and Van den Driessche (2013), which essentially deal with the same "DFE -EE stability exchange" in the non-rank one case, when the eigenvectors are not explicit. Recently, these results were complemented by Earn and McCluskey (2025), who proved as well a ``strong threshold theorem", namely that when the DFE is unstable, a second equilibrium which is globally asymptotically stable must exist. Below, we obtain in Theorem \ref{thm:TK_DFE} some results that extend beyond rank one. For example, a nontrivial positive equilibrium exists if and only if the spectral equation \(ρ(\widetilde K(S))=1\), admits a strictly positive solution. Also, we showed that Bonzi-Iggidr-Sallet bilinear models with rank one NGM may be classified in two classes, with slight variations in the eigenvector formulas, and that extensions in the presence of feedback from infectious to susceptible are possible. Another takeout from the previous works, which we clarify in a revisit of the seven results in the rank one case, is that Lyapunov functions for both the DFE and the EE may be constructed using as weights the left Perron eigenvector $π(S)$ of the \NGM\ (NGM) $K=F(S) V^{-1}$, where $S$ denote all the non-infectious variables, and when a positive ODE leaves a siphon face, it does so along the right Perron eigenvector $w(S)$ of $\T K= V^{-1}F(S)$. The question of whether this continues to be true beyond rank one is explored in ongoing work.