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Andrej Prsa

Publications and source records attributed to Andrej Prsa.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Physics of Eclipsing Binaries. VI. Hot, compact stars

Models of eclipsing binaries require the assignment of appropriate emergent intensities to the surface elements of the binary components. For distance-dependent modelling of flux-calibrated light curves, this necessitates an approximation of the absolute normal intensities of both components of the binary, as well as how their brightness varies across the stellar disks (limb darkening). Such surface intensities are often inferred from other physical properties of the synthetic binary (effective temperature, surface gravity, etc.) through the use of model atmospheres, which in turn are generally suited to a particular range of stellar types or parameters. Here, we present the major developments included in the PHOEBE 2.5 release (publicly available from http://phoebe-project.org), which improve the fidelity of model binaries comprising hot, compact stars. These developments include the incorporation model atmospheres produced using the Tubingen Model Atmosphere Package (TMAP) and Montreal/Tremblay codes (complementing the already incorporated PHOENIX and Castelli & Kurucz models, primarily suited to main sequences stars and low-temperature giants). Similarly, PHOEBE v2.5 now allows for blending/extrapolation of model atmospheres, meaning one can continue to make use of model atmospheres in cases when a small number of surface elements have parameters outside the model atmosphere grid. As an added value product, we also present tables of limb-darkening coefficients derived from the newly incorporated model atmospheres, such that they can be used as inputs in other binary modelling codes.

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Binary Analysis and Period Study of the Long-Period, High Mass Ratio Contact Binary KIC 7766185

We present an in-depth photometric and spectroscopic study of the contact binary KIC 7766185. Spectroscopic observations were conducted on the Mayall 4-m telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory and used to extract radial velocities. Using the radial velocity measurements, Kepler photometry, and Gaia multi-color photometry, binary analysis was performed in PHOEBE to determine orbital and stellar parameters. The results classify KIC 7766185 as an A-type W UMa system and reveal one of the largest and most massive secondary stars in the sample of well studied W UMa systems. The two stars are in a shallow contact state, with a small fillout factor of $0.029\pm0.002$. Along with the binary analysis, we conduct a period study that reveals evidence for a cyclic variation in the eclipse timings.

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The TESS Ten Thousand Catalog: 10,001 uniformly-vetted and -validated Eclipsing Binary Stars detected in Full-Frame Image data by machine learning and analyzed by citizen scientists

The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) has surveyed nearly the entire sky in Full-Frame Image mode with a time resolution of 200 seconds to 30 minutes and a temporal baseline of at least 27 days. In addition to the primary goal of discovering new exoplanets, TESS is exceptionally capable at detecting variable stars, and in particular short-period eclipsing binaries which are relatively common, making up a few percent of all stars, and represent powerful astrophysical laboratories for deep investigations of stellar formation and evolution. We combed Sectors 1-82 of TESS Full-Frame Image data searching for eclipsing binary stars using a neural network that identified ~1.2 million stars with eclipse-like features. Of these, we have performed an in-depth analysis on ~60,000 targets using automated methods and manual inspection by citizen scientists. Here we present a catalog of 10001 uniformly-vetted and -validated eclipsing binary stars that passed all our ephemeris and photocenter tests, as well as complementary visual inspection. Of these, 7936 are new eclipsing binaries while the remaining 2065 are known systems for which we update the published ephemerides. We outline the detection and analysis of the targets, discuss the properties of the sample, and highlight potentially interesting systems. Finally, we also provide a list of ~900,000 unvetted and unvalidated targets for which the neural network found eclipse-like features with a score higher than 0.9, and for which there are no known eclipsing binaries within a sky-projected separation of a TESS pixel (~21 arcsec).

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The present and the future of modeling eclipsing binary systems

In September 2024, eclipsing binary star practitioners gathered in Litomysl, Czech Republic, the birth town of Zdenek Kopal, one of the most celebrated pioneers of our field, to discuss the latest developments and state-of-the-art. I was invited to present my own biased view of the present and the future of modeling eclipsing binary stars. In this contribution I attempt to make a clear distinction between approaches that are suited to individual objects and approaches that aim to deliver bulk results for large datasets. I stress that our motivation should be different: individual system analysis is warranted whenever there is potential to propose or improve our understanding of the underlying physics, while bulk analysis should be used to probe stellar formation and evolution channels. I briefly discuss two examples of tools to achieve the goals: PHOEBE for individual system analysis, and PHOEBAI for bulk analysis.

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KIC 4150611: A quadruply eclipsing heptuple star system with a g-mode period-spacing pattern Eclipse modelling of the triple and spectroscopic analysis

KIC 4150611 is a high-order multiple composed of a triple system composed of the F1V primary (Aa), which is eclipsed on a 94.2d period by a tight 1.52d binary composed of two dim K/M dwarfs (Ab1, Ab2), which also eclipse each other; an 8.65d eccentric, eclipsing binary composed of two G stars (Ba, Bb); and another faint eclipsing binary composed of two stars of unknown spectral type (Ca and Cb). In addition to its many eclipses, the system is an SB3 spectroscopic multiple (Aa, Ba, and Bb) and the primary (Aa) is a hybrid pulsator. We employ a novel photometric analysis of the complicated eclipse geometry of Aa to obtain orbital and stellar properties of the triple. We acquired 51 TRES spectra at the Fred L. Whipple Observatory, calculating radial velocities and orbital elements of Aa (SB1) and the B binary (SB2). These spectra and radial velocities are used to perform spectral disentangling for Aa, Ba, and Bb. Spectral modelling is applied to the disentangled spectrum of Aa to obtain atmospheric properties. We obtain precise stellar properties of the triple, including the mass ratios (MAa/(MAb1 + MAb2) = 3.61 +/- 0.01, MAb1/MAb2 = 1.113 +/- 0.001), separation ratio (aAab/aAb1Ab2 = 21.81 +/- 0.01), orbital periods (PAab = 94.29486 +/- 0.00008d, PAb1Ab2 = 1.522248 +/- 0.000001d), and stellar radii (RAa = 1.64 +/- 0.06 Rsun, RAb1 = 0.42 +/- 0.01 Rsun, RAb2 = 0.38 +/- 0.01 Rsun). Radial velocity fitting and spectral disentangling arrive at orbital elements for Aa, Ba, and Bb in excellent agreement with each other and with previous results in the literature. Spectral modelling on the disentangled spectrum of Aa provides constraints on the effective temperature (Teff = 7280 +/- 70 K), surface gravity (log(g) = 4.14 +/- 0.18 dex), micro-turbulent velocity (vmicro = 3.61 +/- 0.19 km s-1), rotation velocity (v sin i = 127 +/- 4 km s-1), and metallicity ([M/H] = -0.23 +/- 0.06).

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The SDSS-HET Survey of Kepler Eclipsing Binaries. A Sample of Four Benchmark Binaries

The purpose of this work is to extend a sample of accurately modeled, benchmark-grade eclipsing binaries with accurately determined masses and radii. We select four "well-behaved" Kepler binaries, KIC2306740, KIC4076952, KIC5193386 and KIC5288543, each with at least 8 double-lined spectra from the apogee instrument that is part of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys III and IV, and from the Hobby-Eberly High Resolution Spectrograph. We obtain masses and radii with uncertainties of 2.5% or less for all four systems. Three of these systems have orbital periods longer than 9 days, and thus populate an under-sampled region of the parameter space for extremely well-characterized detached eclipsing binaries. We compare the derived masses and radii against MESA MIST isochrones to determine the ages of the systems. All systems were found to be coeval, showing that the results are consistent across MESA MIST and PHOEBE.

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Rubin Observatory LSST Transients and Variable Stars Roadmap

The Vera C. Rubin Legacy Survey of Space and Time holds the potential to revolutionize time domain astrophysics, reaching completely unexplored areas of the Universe and mapping variability time scales from minutes to a decade. To prepare to maximize the potential of the Rubin LSST data for the exploration of the transient and variable Universe, one of the four pillars of Rubin LSST science, the Transient and Variable Stars Science Collaboration, one of the eight Rubin LSST Science Collaborations, has identified research areas of interest and requirements, and paths to enable them. While our roadmap is ever-evolving, this document represents a snapshot of our plans and preparatory work in the final years and months leading up to the survey's first light.

astro-ph.IM

TESS Eclipsing Binary Stars. I. Short cadence observations of 4584 eclipsing binaries in Sectors 1-26

In this paper we present a catalog of 4584 eclipsing binaries observed during the first two years (26 sectors) of the TESS survey. We discuss selection criteria for eclipsing binary candidates, detection of hither-to unknown eclipsing systems, determination of the ephemerides, the validation and triage process, and the derivation of heuristic estimates for the ephemerides. Instead of keeping to the widely used discrete classes, we propose a binary star morphology classification based on a dimensionality reduction algorithm. Finally, we present statistical properties of the sample, we qualitatively estimate completeness, and discuss the results. The work presented here is organized and performed within the TESS Eclipsing Binary Working Group, an open group of professional and citizen scientists; we conclude by describing ongoing work and future goals for the group. The catalog is available from http://tessEBs.villanova.edu and from MAST.

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The Occurrence of Rocky Habitable Zone Planets Around Solar-Like Stars from Kepler Data

We present occurrence rates for rocky planets in the habitable zones (HZ) of main-sequence dwarf stars based on the Kepler DR25 planet candidate catalog and Gaia-based stellar properties. We provide the first analysis in terms of star-dependent instellation flux, which allows us to track HZ planets. We define $η_\oplus$ as the HZ occurrence of planets with radius between 0.5 and 1.5 $R_\oplus$ orbiting stars with effective temperatures between 4800 K and 6300 K. We find that $η_\oplus$ for the conservative HZ is between $0.37^{+0.48}_{-0.21}$ (errors reflect 68\% credible intervals) and $0.60^{+0.90}_{-0.36}$ planets per star, while the optimistic HZ occurrence is between $0.58^{+0.73}_{-0.33}$ and $0.88^{+1.28}_{-0.51}$ planets per star. These bounds reflect two extreme assumptions about the extrapolation of completeness beyond orbital periods where DR25 completeness data are available. The large uncertainties are due to the small number of detected small HZ planets. We find similar occurrence rates using both a Poisson likelihood Bayesian analysis and Approximate Bayesian Computation. Our results are corrected for catalog completeness and reliability. Both completeness and the planet occurrence rate are dependent on stellar effective temperature. We also present occurrence rates for various stellar populations and planet size ranges. We estimate with $95\%$ confidence that, on average, the nearest HZ planet around G and K dwarfs is about 6 pc away, and there are about 4 HZ rocky planets around G and K dwarfs within 10 pc of the Sun.

astro-ph.EP

Physics of Eclipsing Binaries. V. General Framework for Solving the Inverse Problem

PHOEBE 2 is a Python package for modeling the observables of eclipsing star systems, but until now has focused entirely on the forward-model -- that is, generating a synthetic model given fixed values of a large number of parameters describing the system and the observations. The inverse problem, obtaining orbital and stellar parameters given observational data, is more complicated and computationally expensive as it requires generating a large set of forward-models to determine which set of parameters and uncertainties best represent the available observational data. The process of determining the best solution and also of obtaining reliable and robust uncertainties on those parameters often requires the use of multiple algorithms, including both optimizers and samplers. Furthermore, the forward-model of PHOEBE has been designed to be as physically robust as possible, but is computationally expensive compared to other codes. It is useful, therefore, to use whichever code is most efficient given the reasonable assumptions for a specific system, but learning the intricacies of multiple codes presents a barrier to doing this in practice. Here we present the 2.3 release of PHOEBE (publicly available from http://phoebe-project.org) which introduces a general framework for defining and handling distributions on parameters, and utilizing multiple different estimation, optimization, and sampling algorithms. The presented framework supports multiple forward-models, including the robust model built into PHOEBE itself.

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Physics of Eclipsing Binaries. IV. The impact of interstellar extinction on the light curves of eclipsing binaries

Traditionally, the effects of interstellar extinction on binary star light curves have been treated as a uniform reduction in the observed brightness of the system that is independent of orbital phase. However, unless the orbital plane of the system coincides with the plane of the sky, or if the two stars are completely identical and present with minimal mutual irradiation and tidal/rotational distortions, then this is unlikely to be an accurate representation of the effect of interstellar extinction. Here, we present an updated treatment of interstellar extinction as incorporated in the PHOEBE 2.2 release (publicly available from http://phoebe-project.org) and assess the importance of using such an approach in the modeling of different types of binary systems. We also present the incorporation of PHOENIX model atmospheres into the PHOEBE 2.2 release, providing increased fidelity on computed observables down to lower temperatures than previously available. The importance of these new code developments is then highlighted via an extincted toy model of the eclipsing white-dwarf-subdwarf binary SDSS~J235524.29+044855.7 -- demonstrating that, in the age of LSST as well as complementary space-based photometric missions, a proper accounting for extinction and as well as the use of realistic model atmospheres will be essential in deriving accurate binary parameters.

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Two's a crowd? Characterising the effect of photometric contamination on the extraction of the global asteroseismic parameter $ν_{\text{max}}$ in red-giant binaries

Theoretical scaling relations for solar-like oscillators and red giants are widely used to estimate fundamental stellar parameters. The accuracy and precision of these relations have often been questioned in the literature, with studies often utilising binarity for model-independent validation. However, it has not been tested if the photometric effects of binarity introduce a systematic effect on the extraction of the seismic properties of the pulsating component(s). In this paper, we present an estimation of the impact of a contaminating photometric signal with a distinct background profile on the global asteroseismic parameter $ν_{\text{max}}$ through the analysis of synthetic red-giant binary light curves. We generate the pulsational and granulation parameters for single red giants with different masses, radii and effective temperatures from theoretical scaling relations and use them to simulate single red-giant light curves with the characteristics of Kepler long-cadence photometric data. These are subsequently blended together according to their light ratio to generate binary red-giant light curves of various configurations. We then perform a differential analysis to characterise the systematic effects of binarity on the extraction of $ν_{\text{max}}$. We find that the $ν_{\text{max}}$ extraction for red-giant power spectra featuring overlapping power excesses is unreliable if unconstrained priors are used. Outside of this scenario, we obtain results that are nearly identical to single-star case. We conclude that i) the photometric effects of binarity on the extraction of $ν_{\text{max}}$ are largely negligible as long as the power excesses of the individual components do not overlap, and that ii) there is minimal advantage to using more than two super-Lorentzian components to model the granulation signal of a binary red-giant.

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Stellar Astrophysics and Exoplanet Science with the Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE)

The Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE) is a planned 11.25-m aperture facility with a 1.5 square degree field of view that will be fully dedicated to multi-object spectroscopy. A rebirth of the 3.6m Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope on Maunakea, MSE will use 4332 fibers operating at three different resolving powers (R ~ 2500, 6000, 40000) across a wavelength range of 0.36-1.8mum, with dynamical fiber positioning that allows fibers to match the exposure times of individual objects. MSE will enable spectroscopic surveys with unprecedented scale and sensitivity by collecting millions of spectra per year down to limiting magnitudes of g ~ 20-24 mag, with a nominal velocity precision of ~100 m/s in high-resolution mode. This white paper describes science cases for stellar astrophysics and exoplanet science using MSE, including the discovery and atmospheric characterization of exoplanets and substellar objects, stellar physics with star clusters, asteroseismology of solar-like oscillators and opacity-driven pulsators, studies of stellar rotation, activity, and multiplicity, as well as the chemical characterization of AGB and extremely metal-poor stars.

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Finding the Needle in a Haystack: Detrending Photometric Timeseries Data of Strictly Periodic Astrophysical Objects

Light curves of astrophysical objects frequently contain strictly periodic signals. In those cases we can use that property to aid the detrending algorithm to fully disentangle an unknown periodic signal and an unknown baseline signal with no power at that period. The periodic signal is modeled as a discrete probability distribution function (pdf), while the baseline signal is modeled as a residual timeseries. Those two components are disentangled by minimizing the length of the residual timeseries w.r.t. the per-bin pdf fluxes. We demonstrate the use of the algorithm on a synthetic case, on the eclipsing binary KIC 3953981 and on the eccentric ellipsoidal variable KIC 3547874. We further discuss the parameters and the limitations of the algorithm and speculate on the two most common use cases: detrending the periodic signal of interest and measuring the dependence of instrumental response on controlled instrumental variables. A more sophisticated version of the algorithm is released as open source on github and available via pip.

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Planetary Candidates Observed by Kepler. VIII. A Fully Automated Catalog With Measured Completeness and Reliability Based on Data Release 25

We present the Kepler Object of Interest (KOI) catalog of transiting exoplanets based on searching four years of Kepler time series photometry (Data Release 25, Q1-Q17). The catalog contains 8054 KOIs of which 4034 are planet candidates with periods between 0.25 and 632 days. Of these candidates, 219 are new and include two in multi-planet systems (KOI-82.06 and KOI-2926.05), and ten high-reliability, terrestrial-size, habitable zone candidates. This catalog was created using a tool called the Robovetter which automatically vets the DR25 Threshold Crossing Events (TCEs, Twicken et al. 2016). The Robovetter also vetted simulated data sets and measured how well it was able to separate TCEs caused by noise from those caused by low signal-to-noise transits. We discusses the Robovetter and the metrics it uses to sort TCEs. For orbital periods less than 100 days the Robovetter completeness (the fraction of simulated transits that are determined to be planet candidates) across all observed stars is greater than 85%. For the same period range, the catalog reliability (the fraction of candidates that are not due to instrumental or stellar noise) is greater than 98%. However, for low signal-to-noise candidates between 200 and 500 days around FGK dwarf stars, the Robovetter is 76.7% complete and the catalog is 50.5% reliable. The KOI catalog, the transit fits and all of the simulated data used to characterize this catalog are available at the NASA Exoplanet Archive.

astro-ph.EP

The Effects of Barycentric and Asymmetric Transverse Velocities on Eclipse and Transit Times

It has long been recognized that the finite speed of light can affect the observed time of an event. For example, as a source moves radially toward or away from an observer, the path length and therefore the light travel time to the observer decreases or increases, causing the event to appear earlier or later than otherwise expected, respectively. This light travel time effect (LTTE) has been applied to transits and eclipses for a variety of purposes, including studies of eclipse timing variations (ETVs) and transit timing variations (TTVs) that reveal the presence of additional bodies in the system. Here we highlight another non-relativistic effect on eclipse or transit times arising from the finite speed of light---caused by an asymmetry in the transverse velocity of the two eclipsing objects, relative to the observer. This asymmetry can be due to a non-unity mass ratio or to the presence of external barycentric motion. Although usually constant, this barycentric and asymmetric transverse velocities (BATV) effect can vary between sequential eclipses if either the path length between the two objects or the barycentric transverse velocity varies in time. We discuss this BATV effect and estimate its magnitude for both time-dependent and time-independent cases. For the time-dependent cases, we consider binaries that experience a change in orbital inclination, eccentric systems with and without apsidal motion, and hierarchical triple systems. We also consider the time-independent case which, by affecting the primary and secondary eclipses differently, can influence the inferred system parameters, such as the orbital eccentricity.

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Radial velocity monitoring of Kepler heartbeat stars

Heartbeat stars (HB stars) are a class of eccentric binary stars with close periastron passages. The characteristic photometric HB signal evident in their light curves is produced by a combination of tidal distortion, heating, and Doppler boosting near orbital periastron. Many HB stars continue to oscillate after periastron and along the entire orbit, indicative of the tidal excitation of oscillation modes within one or both stars. These systems are among the most eccentric binaries known, and they constitute astrophysical laboratories for the study of tidal effects. We have undertaken a radial velocity (RV) monitoring campaign of Kepler HB stars in order to measure their orbits. We present our first results here, including a sample of 21 Kepler HB systems, where for 19 of them we obtained the Keplerian orbit and for 3 other systems we did not detect a statistically significant RV variability. Results presented here are based on 218 spectra obtained with the Keck/HIRES spectrograph during the 2015 Kepler observing season, and they have allowed us to obtain the largest sample of HB stars with orbits measured using a single instrument, which roughly doubles the number of HB stars with an RV measured orbit. The 19 systems measured here have orbital periods from 7 to 90 d and eccentricities from 0.2 to 0.9. We show that HB stars draw the upper envelope of the eccentricity - period distribution. Therefore, HB stars likely represent a population of stars currently undergoing high eccentricity migration via tidal orbital circularization, and they will allow for new tests of high eccentricity migration theories.

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KIC 3749404: A heartbeat Star with Rapid Apsidal Advance Indicative of a Tertiary Component

Heartbeat stars are eccentric (e > 0.2) ellipsoidal variables whose light curves resemble a cardiogram. We present the observations and corresponding model of KIC 3749404, a highly eccentric (e = 0.66), short period (P = 20.3 d) heartbeat star with tidally induced pulsations. A binary star model was created using PHOEBE, which we modified to include tidally induced pulsations and Doppler boosting. The morphology of the photometric periastron variation (heartbeat) depends strongly on the eccentricity, inclination and argument of periastron. We show that the inclusion of tidally induced pulsations in the model significantly changes the parameter values, specifically the inclination and those parameters dependent on it. Furthermore, we determine the rate of apsidal advance by modelling the periastron variation at the beginning and end of the 4-yr Kepler data set and dividing by the elapsed time. We compare the model with the theoretical expectations for classical and general relativistic apsidal motion and find the observed rate to be two orders of magnitude greater than the theoretical rate. We find that the observed rate cannot be explained by tidally induced pulsations alone and consequently hypothesise the presence of a third body in the system.

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