The origin of carotenoid triplets in purple photosynthetic bacteria
Photosynthetic antenna proteins harvest light energy while at the same time protecting the organism against photodamage. Carotenoid molecules are essential in the latter process, efficiently quenching unwanted (bacterio)chlorophyll excited states created after photon absorption. (Bacterio)chlorophyll triplets, formed by inter-system crossing, are particularly significant, since in the absence of carotenoid quenching, they sensitise the highly oxidative singlet oxygen. In light-harvesting complex 2 (LH2) from Rhodoblastus acidophilus, the pathways that populate carotenoid dark and triplet states remain controversial, involving bacteriochlorophyll-to-carotenoid triplet-triplet transfer and/or generation of triplets by the carotenoid molecules themselves through singlet fission. Transient absorption has been central to understanding photoprotection in these organisms, but spectral congestion limits the separation of the overlapping species needed to discriminate between these pathways. By applying femtosecond stimulated resonance Raman spectroscopy (FSRRS) in different resonance conditions to this protein, in combination with an extension of global analysis to four dimensions (wavenumber, time, intensity and resonance condition), we separate each component of the carotenoid dark-state manifold together with its kinetics. An entangled triplet pair S*/1(TT) is observed, which lives about 60 ps, some eight times longer than in solution. However, this stabilisation does not open a pathway to separated triplets or to carotenoid-BChl a heterofission. Triplet-triplet transfer from bacteriochlorophyll a to carotenoid is also resolved under BChl a excitation, and fits cleanly as a single 2100 ps component. The carotenoid triplet in LH2 is thus produced by photoprotective triplet-triplet transfer from BChl a, and not by singlet fission.