arXiv subjects

Andrew J. Bunker

Publications and source records attributed to Andrew J. Bunker.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

JADES: Dynamical Measurements of Dark Matter Halo Masses at $z \approx 7$ Using Galaxy Pairs

We present dynamical measurements of dark matter halo masses at $z\approx7$ using galaxy pairs. Galaxy pairs in the early Universe are usually in their first infall, before substantial orbital evolution or phase mixing. Their relative velocities closely trace the halo mass, especially when the pair separation is near the halo virial radius. In the TNG100 simulation, we find that dynamical mass estimators can recover halo masses with an intrinsic scatter of $\sim$0.2 dex. We apply this method to 10 pair systems at z=6-8 with [O III] spectroscopy from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES). We infer the stellar-to-halo mass relation while marginalizing over projection effects, measurement uncertainties, and intrinsic scatter. We find a mean halo mass of $\log\,(M_{200}/M_\odot)=11.06\pm0.21$ at $\log\,(M_{*}/M_\odot)=9$. These galaxies do not appear to inhabit unusually massive halos. Our results instead indicate a high stellar-to-halo mass ratio, corresponding to an integrated star formation efficiency of $5^{+3}_{-2}\%$, about twice the TNG100 prediction, although the current statistical significance is limited. Future observations with larger samples will tighten these constraints and directly examine whether enhanced star formation efficiency drives the overabundance of luminous galaxies at cosmic dawn.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2026

NOEMA probes the [CII] and dust content in a 2175Å UV Bump Galaxy at $z=7.1$

The detection of the $2175$Å UV bump at $z>6$ challenges existing models of dust formation, suggesting rapid formation of small carbonaceous dust grains within the first billion years of cosmic time. We present the results of the first direct attempt at linking far-infrared (FIR) observations to the UV bump within the Epoch of Reionisation (EoR), through NOEMA observations of GNWY-7379420231 at $z=7.108$, a galaxy exhibiting the strongest known UV bump feature at $z>4$. We detect the [CII] 158$μ$m emission line at 5.1$σ$ at $z_\mathrm{[CII]} = 7.1078 \pm 0.0005$, in excellent agreement with the redshift derived from the [OIII] $λ5007$Å line. The {\cii} luminosity implies $\mathrm{SFR}_\mathrm{[CII]}=16.2^{+5.8}_{-5.5}M_\odot \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$, consistent with short timescale SFR tracers such as dust corrected $\mathrm{SFR}_\mathrm{Hα}=18.0\pm3.9 M_\odot \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$ and $\mathrm{SFR}_\mathrm{10~Myr}=20.5^{+3.8}_{-5.0}M_\odot \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$ from SED fitting. The dust continuum is not detected suggesting an obscured SFR of $\mathrm{SFR}_\mathrm{IR} < 32 ~M_\odot \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$ and a dust mass of $M_\mathrm{d} < 5.3\times10^6 ~M_\odot$ $(M_\mathrm{d}/M_\star<2\%)$. Finally, the [CII]-derived dynamical mass of $\log_{10}(M_\mathrm{dyn}/M_\odot)=8.95^{+0.51}_{-0.66}$ and stellar mass of $\log _{10}\left(\mathrm{M}_{\star} / \mathrm{M}_{\odot}\right) = 8.39_{-0.09}^{+0.13}$ suggest a gas-rich moderately massive galaxy. Taken together these results rule out GNWY-7379420231 being a heavily dust obscured or massive galaxy, but rather a `normal' EoR galaxy with a recent upturn in star-formation. Our results suggest efficient shattering of larger dust grains in the diffuse, turbulent ISM and/or fortunate line of sight alignment are needed to explain the UV bump properties of GNWY-7379420231.

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arXiv2026

Little Red Dots: One Photometric Tag Concealing Diverse Spectroscopic Flavors of Massive Star Formation and Black Hole Activity

We compile JWST/NIRSpec prism and MIRI data for 249 Little Red Dots (LRDs) at 2.3<z<9.3, forming a representative spectroscopic subset of NIRCam-selected LRDs. We derive a median stacked spectrum covering rest-frame 0.09-1.2 $μ$m, with MIRI photometry extending the spectral energy distribution to 4 $μ$m. Four additional stacks for subsamples defined by optical-to-UV luminosity ratios show that LRDs form a heterogeneous population spanning diverse continuum slopes and line properties. Assuming LRDs host super-massive black holes (BHs) surrounded by dense gas clouds, and stars accompany this core, we infer masses of $M_{BH}\sim10^{6.0-6.5}$ M$_\odot$ and $M_\bigstar\sim10^{8.3}$ M$_\odot$, corresponding to BH-to-stellar mass ratios of 1-2%. The stacks show ubiquitous UV and optical FeII emission, indicating a direct view of the broad-line region and high (but sub-Eddington) accretion ($λ_{Edd}=0.6\pm0.2$). We find a significant stellar contribution in the far-UV, reaching $\sim80$% in the bluest systems. Possible Wolf-Rayet features (HeII$λ$4687, nitrogen lines) are identified, tracing a young (3-7 Myr) compact starburst event. We also detect strong Balmer breaks and atypical Balmer, Paschen, [OIII], and optical and near-infrared HeI line ratios, and an absorption at $\sim4550$ Angstrom (probably linked to FeII), all consistent with radiative-transfer effects in high-density gas with warm temperatures (4000-7000 K). We find a diversity of LRD flavors modulated by the luminosity ratio between between a short ($\lesssim20$ Myr) and intense phase of BH activity, the most extreme stage lasting $\sim3-7$ Myr, characterized by near-Eddington-limit radiation, and a nuclear and compact starburst dominated by massive stars (even super-massive, $\mathrm{M}_\mathrm{SMS}\sim10^{5}$ M$_\odot$), all embedded in dense gas with modest dust content producing a variety of optical depths.

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arXiv2026

GATOS XV: A JWST/MIRI survey of extended circumnuclear dust emission in nearby Seyfert galaxies

The subarcsecond angular resolution and stable background of JWST has given us the first high-fidelity images of the arcsecond-scale environment around Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) in the nearby Universe. With mid-infrared (MIR) surface brightness sensitivities that are much deeper than the best ground-based instruments, the Mid-InfraRed Instrument imager (MIRIM) now allows us to understand the structure and thermal properties of dust using information over wavelengths of $5$-$25$ $μ$m, almost all of the MIR range. We present a Cycle 1 JWST MIRIM survey of Seyfert galaxies with the express aim of characterising AGN-heated dust in the central few 100 pcs, and searching for signatures of dust-laden nuclear outflows. This paper outlines the motivation behind the programme, the data reduction and analysis techniques used to isolate the nuclear and extended emission, and a comparison of the observed MIR structures with those seen in other phases (stars, ionised and molecular gas, absorbing dust). In concert with earlier studies that used these data, we conclude that resolved AGN-heated dust is widespread in the Seyfert population, extending out to a few hundred pcs from the nucleus and often displaying a higher surface-brightness compared to the more widespread star-forming dusty circumnuclear disk. Even after accounting for contamination from emission lines in the MIRI filters, we find strong spatial correlations between MIR dust emission and the AGN-ionised gas in the narrow-line region (NLR).

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arXiv2026

Low Ly$α$ Visibility in Galaxy Overdensities: Reionization Topology and Neutral-Fraction Ceilings from DIVER over $4.8<z<11$

Ly-alpha emission is widely used to trace cosmic reionization, but its interpretation depends on how Ly-alpha visibility varies with galaxy environment. We use deep JWST/NIRSpec observations from Deep Insights into UV Spectroscopy at the Epoch of Reionization (DIVER) in GOODS-N to measure Ly-alpha visibility for 250 galaxies at 4.8 25 A. We combine these measurements with H-alpha and [O III] emitters from JWST/NIRCam wide-field slitless spectroscopy to map the density field around each DIVER galaxy. Galaxies with high Ly-alpha equivalent widths (W_Lyalpha>25 A) or high effective Ly-alpha escape fractions (f_esc,Lyalpha^eff>0.05) tend to lie farther from nearby H-alpha and [O III] emitters than galaxies with lower Ly-alpha visibility. The clearest signal occurs near the prominent GOODS-N overdensity at z~5.2, where fewer than 15% of galaxies show strong Ly-alpha emission. This trend is opposite to the simplest inside-out reionization expectation that overdensities produce larger ionized regions and enhance Ly-alpha visibility. Possible explanations include circumgalactic and local intergalactic opacity, dense absorbers, and gas kinematics. We also derive an empirical upper envelope for f_esc,Lyalpha^eff and calibrate it with reionization simulations. Interpreting this envelope as a limiting IGM-attenuation signal gives neutral-fraction ceilings of _max=0.36, 0.76, 0.74, 0.84, and 1.0 at z~5.2, 5.8, 6.7, 7.7, and 9.8, respectively. The z~8 ceiling disfavors an almost completely neutral IGM at this epoch. These results support patchy reionization already underway by z~8 and show that galaxy Ly-alpha visibility encodes both large-scale ionization topology and near-source gas structure.

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arXiv2026

How can we finally see the first light? Status and perspective in the search for Population III stars

Finding the first (Population III or Pop III) stars is one of the fundamental quests of astronomy, aiming to deliver the missing link in how stars form at early cosmic times. Yet their initial mass function, formation sites and feedback remain highly uncertain, as well as the timing and topology of the transition to metal-enriched star formation. The observability of their peculiar spectral features is also debated, due to their short lifetime and faintness. This review summarizes current theoretical expectations for Pop III star formation, and the main observational strategies that have been adopted to constrain their properties across cosmic time, including near-field cosmology studies, direct searches for extremely metal-poor star-forming complexes and/or hard-ionizing spectral signatures at high and intermediate redshifts, and prospects for identifying Pop III activity up to Cosmic Dawn. The combination of JWST spectroscopy, time-domain searches, lensing surveys, stellar archaeology, absorption-line studies, as well as improved simulations, is yielding a growing number of observational candidates and narrowing the allowed parameter space for the first stars, setting the stage for a ``golden era'' of Pop III searches.

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arXiv2026

JWST/NIRSpec Spectra for Three Ultracool Brown Dwarfs Detected in Extragalactic Surveys: Further Evidence for Phosphine Absorption

We present JWST NIRSpec prism spectra for three ultracool brown dwarfs discovered in extragalactic survey data, two from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES), and one from Public Release IMaging for Extragalactic Research (PRIMER) survey observed as part of the Mirage or Miracle (MoM) program. The spectra for these sources indicate that one is a T6 dwarf (JADES-GS-BD-11, T$_{\mathrm{eff}} = \sim 700$ K) and two are Y0-Y1 dwarfs (JADES-GS-BD-5, T$_{\mathrm{eff}} = \sim 400$ K, and MoM-239450, T$_{\mathrm{eff}} = \sim 500$ K). Model atmospheric fits with $\texttt{NIFTY}$ to the spectra are consistent with this classification, and indicate that JADES-GS-BD-5 is only $\sim 150$ pc from the Sun, MoM-239450 is $\sim 700 - 800$ pc from the Sun, and JADES-GS-BD-11 is $\sim 1$ kpc from the Sun, with these latter two more distant sources being best fit at sub-solar metallicities. JADES-GS-BD-5 has an observed spectrum with significantly weaker J and H band emission than Y dwarf atmospheric models, potentially indicating the presence of water ice clouds in the brown dwarf. The spectrum for JADES-GS-BD-11 has a feature at 4.3$μ$m consistent with absorption from the rarely seen phosphine molecule at $2.6σ$ confidence. Given the low metallicity for this source ([M/H] $ = -0.7$), our finding supports the theory that detecting phosphine in brown dwarf atmospheres is tied to atmospheric metallicity. JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy continues to be a powerful tool for understanding the properties of these distant, and very cold brown dwarfs.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2026

GATOS: Distinct Feedback Modes in AGN Central Regions Revealed by Spatially Resolved JWST Spectroscopy

This manuscript presents JWST MIRI/MRS observations of the central $r \approx 40-240$ pc regions of five active galactic nuclei (AGN) spanning a wide range of luminosities (${\rm log}\,L_{\rm bol}/{\rm erg\,s^{-1}} \approx 39.8-43.8$). Combining multiphase diagnostics from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), molecular hydrogen (H$_2$), and ionized gas at spatial scales of $\sim 4-24$ pc, this study presents a spatially resolved investigation into the effects of the two distinct AGN feedback modes--radiative and kinetic--on the surrounding medium. The results indicate that these two feedback modes, associated with AGN irradiation and shock processing, respectively, collectively drive the relative suppression of PAH emission in the nuclear regions of the targets studied here. Moreover, the coexistence of these two AGN feedback modes, especially the shock processing associated with either jets or outflows, in the central regions of AGN naturally explains both the bimodal distribution of PAH band ratios observed in the targets studied here and the seemingly disparate results reported in the literature. Although based on a limited sample, these findings provide new insights into calibrating star-formation rates (SFRs) from PAH emission in AGN, and more importantly, lay the groundwork for a practical framework to diagnose and quantify AGN feedback in the JWST era.

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arXiv2026

BEACON: JWST NIRCam Pure-parallel Imaging Survey. III. Constraints on the UV LF and the Clustering of z~7-14 Galaxies

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has extended the frontier of galaxy detection to redshifts z>11, finding a high abundance of UV-bright sources that challenge theoretical models. However, most current results come from just a few fields, introducing uncertainties due to cosmic variance. Here, we constrain z~7-14 UV luminosity functions (LFs) over ~400 sq. arcmin across 36 independent sightlines from DR2 of BEACON, a JWST pure-parallel NIRCam multi-band imaging survey. We identify 164 7 13 do not rule out a possible excess. We measure significant clustering of bright (Muv<-20.5) galaxies at 7<z<10. Fields hosting such sources are approximately three times more likely to be overdense relative to the full survey, implying that UV-bright galaxies preferentially reside in the most massive halos at these redshifts. Comparing with semi-numerical simulations, we estimate that Muv < -20.5 galaxies inhabit halos ~0.8 dex less massive at z~11 than at z~8, consistent with a shift to higher star formation rates. However, their observed clustering exceeds predictions from pre-JWST luminosity-halo mass relations, suggesting these sources reside in more massive halos than previously modelled and/or multiple halo occupation.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2026

Undermassive Hosts of $z = 4-6 $ AGN from JWST/NIRCam Image Decomposition with CONGRESS, FRESCO, and JADES

In the local Universe, supermassive black hole (SMBH) masses strongly correlate with their host-galaxies' stellar masses ($M_{*}$), but galaxies hosting faint AGN recently found by JWST may deviate from this relation. To constrain the M$_{\text{BH}}$-M$_{*}$ relation at high redshift, we performed AGN-host image decomposition for 17 low-luminosity AGN galaxies at $z$ $\sim$ 4-6 using NIRCam images in the JADES GOODS-N field. These sources are identified as AGNs from broad H$α$ emission lines detected by the CONGRESS and FRESCO surveys. We used galfit+MCMC to fit spatial profiles in 7 wide-band images and detected extended emission in 9 sources out of 17. The close spatial alignment between the extended components and the AGN centers indicates that this emission likely originates from the host galaxies. These sources are extended at 0.9-2.0~$μ$m, suggesting significant host-galaxy light in the rest-frame UV. For the sources with the host detection, the stellar mass inferred based on image decomposition result can be 1-2 dex lower than the results without image decomposition. The BH-to-stellar mass ratio spans $M_{\text{BH}}/M_\ast$ $\sim$ 0.01-1.48, placing them well above the local $M_{\text{BH}}$-$M_\ast$ relation. In contrast, the host-galaxy size-mass relation broadly agrees with previous measurements. Our results suggest that the host galaxies of these faint AGN are either genuinely under-massive compared to their black hole masses, or too compact to be spatially resolved.

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arXiv2026

A quasar hatching from a buried red phase at z = 3.7

We present JADES-GS 209777, previously cataloged as CANDELS J033238.02-274626.2, hereafter "the Hatchling," a red quasar at $z=3.711$. While the source has been reported in earlier deep-field catalogs, our multiwavelength analysis reveals a visible active nucleus still embedded in a dense gas- and dust-rich environment. Red quasar continua are often attributed to dust attenuation, including non-standard extinction curves, but the highly comprehensive multiwavelength data for this source provide direct constraints on the material being cleared. Using JWST/NIRSpec, NIRCam, MIRI, HST, MUSE, Chandra, ALMA, and VLA data, we detect broad emission lines and strong X-ray emission, showing that the active nucleus is at least partially exposed. We also detect H$α$ and He I absorption, indicating dense gas close to the nucleus. Kinematically disturbed O I, Mg II, Na D, and [O III] features, together with extended Ly$α$ emission over $\gtrsim 20$ kpc, further show that multiphase gas is being accelerated from the nuclear region into the host-galaxy environment. The ALMA detection reveals strong dust emission, with the inferred infrared luminosity placing the system in the ULIRG regime. The continuum is red and sharply declining toward the rest-frame UV, resembling compact red AGNs, and may reflect extreme dust attenuation, gas reprocessing, possible BAL-like absorption, or a combination of these effects. Regardless of which mechanism dominates the continuum shape, the line diagnostics show that the visible nucleus remains partially obscured by nearby material. The Hatchling therefore represents a unique opportunity to explore a poorly known transition phase in which feedback is likely clearing an enshrouded quasar and allowing it to emerge toward a more unobscured active nucleus.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2026

PhotoIFU: NIRCam as a Photometric Integral Field Unit for Mapping Feedback in Galaxies

We present PhotoIFU, a workflow that uses deep multi-band imaging as a low-resolution photometric integral field unit. Applied to PSF-matched JWST/NIRCam imaging, PhotoIFU treats each spatial pixel as a coarse SED element and fits the pixel SEDs with Prospector to map resolved stellar-population and ISM-related properties. We apply this approach to three galaxies at $z=1.3$--3.7 in JADES: two systems with extended ionized line emission and one post-starburst galaxy with an exceptionally strong neutral outflow. Pixel-by-pixel SED fitting gives maps of stellar-mass surface density, specific star formation rate, dust attenuation, gas-phase metallicity, and recent star-formation history. We find that regions selected from the extended-emission or outflow geometry occupy distinct parts of the resolved SED-property distribution compared with the full host. In the systems with extended ionized emission, these regions are generally less dusty, consistent with ionized emission being observed along dust-poor, low-column-density pathways through the host. In the neutral-outflow system, the selected regions show enhanced recent star formation, suggesting that compact rejuvenation may mark the aftermath of an earlier energetic phase. These results show that galactic outflows and extended emission-line structures can be spatially associated with measurable differences in resolved host-galaxy stellar populations and ISM-related properties. PhotoIFU provides an imaging-based method for resolved SED mapping of feedback-related structures in larger galaxy samples where full spectroscopic integral-field mapping is unavailable.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2026

GA-NIFS and JADES: Confirmation of pristine gas near GN-z11

According to the leading cosmological model, a first generation of stars called Population III (PopIII), condensed almost entirely out of hydrogen and helium, must have initiated the creation of all heavier chemical elements. We report the detection of ionised hydrogen (H$γ_{4342}$) with a signal-to-noise ratio of $S/N$=5.9 in a region about 3 pkpc (projected) north-east from the z~10.6 galaxy GN-z11, where line emission compatible with doubly ionised helium (HeII$_{1640}$) has been found. Our new JWST/NIRSpec-IFU G395H data confirm the authenticity of the previous detection at a redshift of $z_{\rm Hγ}$=$10.5862$$\pm$$0.0003$. H$δ$ is marginally detected ($S/N$$\sim$$2$). No metal lines are detected in our observations spanning $λ_{\rm rest}$=$0.25$-$0.45μ$m. We derive a $3σ$ upper limit on the gas phase metallicity of 12+log(O/H)$<$7.0 ($Z_{\rm gas}$$<$$0.02$ $Z_\odot$). Through comparison with NIRCam imaging, we constrain a lower limit on the equivalent width of EW$_0$(H$γ$)$>$350Å. We compare our emission line constraints to model predictions and find them compatible with photoionisation by PopIII stars, possibly intermixed with next-generation (PopII) stars. We infer an upper limit on the dynamical mass of $M_{\rm dyn}$$\lesssim$$3$$\times$$10^8M_\odot$. Our data provide novel support for the presence of PopIII stars nearby GN-z11, 440 Myr after the Big Bang.

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arXiv2026

A Type Ia Supernova Candidate at $z\sim4.3$: A Transient Interloper in the Search for $z\sim14$ Galaxies

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is opening a new window into the distant Universe by discovering galaxies and transients in the early Universe. We investigate a high-redshift transient candidate, beacon_1420-5253_4770. This object was initially identified as a high-redshift galaxy candidate at $z\sim14$. However, the source was not detected in epochs before and after the detection epoch, suggesting that the object is a transient source rather than a persistent galaxy. We classify the source by comparing the colors, magnitudes, light curves, and spectral energy distribution with various spectral templates of transients. Our analysis shows that the observed properties are consistent with a Type Ia supernova at $z\sim4.3$. Strong absorption by Fe-group elements seen in Type Ia supernova spectra can mimic the Lyman break used to detect high-redshift galaxies. At $z \sim 4.3$, corresponding to a cosmic age of only $\sim 1.5$ Gyr, our detection provides a direct probe of the delay time between star formation and supernova explosion. Our estimate of the event rate implies a minimum delay time shorter than 1 Gyr. We also discuss the implications of transient contamination for searches of galaxies in the early Universe.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2026

An (in)complete NIRSpec census of Balmer absorption in Type 1 AGN -- radiation-driven outflows in little red dots, quasars and variable stars

A notable achievement of the first generation of JWST surveys was the discovery of an abundance of faint high-redshift ($z > 4$) broad-line active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the $L_{\rm bol} < 10^{45}$~erg~s$^{-1}$ regime, previously only accessible at $z < 1$. The high prevalence of absorption features in their broad hydrogen lines is one of the peculiarities of a significant fraction of this new population. In this paper, we conduct a broad census of Balmer absorption in a sample of 47 Type-1 AGN spanning $2 < z < 7$. Accounting for incompleteness of JWST spectroscopic data, we estimate that $44_{-6}^{+21}$~\% of Little Red Dots (LRDs) have absorption in \Has while the incidence rate is $< 25$~\% (at 2$σ$) in Little Blue Dots (LBDs). Additionally, R1000 JWST/NIRSpec data is strongly resolution limited, implying an inability to disentangle Doppler broadening in the absorption from optical depth effects. This is alleviated with R2700 observations, although some degeneracies remain. We find a significant correlation between the velocity of the Balmer absorption and the [OIII]5007 narrow line luminosity, suggesting a common driving mechanism. We do not find any other significant correlations (and do not confirm previously claimed correlations) between Balmer absorption and other spectral properties of LRDs (except for the expected correlation between \Has and \Hbs absorption velocities). Comparing LRDs, quasars and stellar \Has absorbers, we establish that absorption in both LRDs and broad absorption line quasars is consistent with radiatively driven outflows, echoing the physics of variable stars yet occurring at vastly different scales.

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arXiv2026

GA-NIFS: Dissecting The Alchemised: JWST reveals turbulent metal-poor gas fuelling a co-spatial starburst in a complex system at $z=10.17$

Recent observations revealed that distant galaxies have bursty star formation histories, regulated by stellar or active galactic nuclei (AGN) feedback and gas inflows. According to theoretical models, feedback preferentially removes metal-rich gas, while subsequent starbursts are triggered by mergers and newly accreted gas that is generally less enriched than the galaxy's interstellar medium (ISM). Therefore, gas-phase metallicity provides key insights into the baryonic processes shaping early galaxies. We present the first NIRSpec/IFU study of spatially resolved ISM properties in the MACS0647-JD system ($z=10.17$). The system consists of two stellar components detected in NIRSpec/IFU and NIRCam photometry. The main component ($\log \left(M_{\ast}/M_{\odot}\right)=7.77 \pm0.09$; $12+\log\left(\rm O/H\right)=7.89 \pm 0.16$) is more massive and significantly more metal-rich compared to its companion ($\log \left(M_{\ast}/M_{\odot}\right)=7.42\pm0.07$; $12+\log\left(\rm O/H\right)=7.47 \pm 0.20$), suggesting an older stellar population and a prolonged chemical enrichment history. We find that the H$γ$ line emission centroid is spatially offset by $\sim 0.1^{\prime \prime}$ (150 pc in the source plane) from the stellar continuum centroid; the latter coincides with the location of the main stellar component. This offset provides possible evidence of a merger-driven starburst in this system. By comparing the spatial distributions of the metallicity, velocity dispersion, and the burstiness of star formation history, we infer the presence of turbulent, metal-poor gas outside the stellar components. %detected in both NIRSpec/IFU and NIRCam photometry. This metal-poor, dynamically unstable gas is likely responsible for the enhanced recent star formation in the north-east region of the system.

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arXiv2026

The JADES Transient Survey II: Volumetric Supernova Rates out to z~5

The JADES Transient Survey (JTS) identified 83 supernova (SN) candidates in the JADES Deep Field, a $\sim$25 arcmin$^2$ region with deep ($\sim$30 mag) multi-band, multi-epoch JWST/NIRCam coverage. We use this sample to derive the first volumetric core-collapse (CC) SN and Type Ia (SN Ia) rates in the $z$$\sim$2-5 range. Many of these SNe are photometrically classified from single-epoch photometry (i.e., single spectral energy distributions (SEDs)), so we simulate and classify $\sim$23,000 CC SN and SN Ia mock SEDs over 0.7$\leq$$z$$\leq$5 to quantify single-SED classification accuracy as a function of redshift. We report consistent rates for two samples: (1) the full JTS sample, including single-SED classifications, and (2) the "gold" sample, restricted to sources classified spectroscopically or with multi-epoch light curves. In units of 10$^{-4}$ CC SNe yr$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-3}$, the full sample CC SN rates are 6.2$^{+2.2}_{-1.7}$ at 2.06$\leq$$z$$<$2.78 and 4.1$^{+1.5}_{-1.1}$ at 2.78$\leq$$z$$\leq$5.06, broadly consistent with the expectations from the galaxy luminosity-based measurements of the cosmic star formation rate density. Our full sample rates tentatively exhibit the predicted decline beyond cosmic noon, providing the first direct observational indication of this behavior. A companion paper, C. Vassallo et al., presents a more detailed comparison. We measure a full sample SN Ia rate of 0.3$^{+0.3}_{-0.2}$$\times$10$^{-4}$ SNe Ia yr$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-3}$ at 1.92$\leq$$z$$<$3.60. Future high-$z$ SN surveys with JWST and the Roman Space Telescope will expand these samples and provide more robust constraints on SN rates in the high-$z$ Universe.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2026

The JADES Transient Survey III: Linking Core-Collapse Supernova Rates to Cosmic Star Formation

We investigate how core-collapse supernova (CCSN) rates trace the star-formation rate densities (SFRDs) over the redshift range $0 \le z \le 5$. For this we use new high-redshift results from the James Webb Space Telescope Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) Transient Survey (JTS, see the companion paper by DeCoursey et al. 2026), together with published CCSN rates. Using the observed CCSN rates to constrain the CCSN production efficiency relating SFRDs to CCSN rates, we examine how the inferred connection between star formation rates and CCSN production efficiency depends on the stellar initial mass function (IMF) and the adopted CCSN progenitor mass range. We find that the observed CCSN rates are consistent with dust extinction-corrected UV+IR based SFRDs for plausible CCSN progenitor masses. Using the observed CCSN rates to directly reconstruct the cosmic star-formation history, we recover a peak at z $\sim2$, in agreement with galaxy luminosity-based determinations. Allowing the IMF to evolve with redshift has only a modest impact when SFRD estimates are treated consistently, indicating that CCSN rates are not as sensitive to the change of IMF as might be assumed. Adopting higher SFRDs that include a dust-obscured population of faint millimeter sources implies a substantial and increasing fraction of missing, dust-obscured CCSNe at higher redshifts. Although the inferred fraction of CCSNe missed by the surveys depends on the adopted CCSN production efficiency, we find an increasing fraction of supernovae missed due to obscuration, rising from modest values at low redshift to a peak at z $\sim2$, and remaining substantial toward z $\sim5$.

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