Skipper CCD readout time optimization for astronomical applications
Skipper CCDs enable the reduction of CCD readout noise by non-destructively measuring the individual pixel charge packets multiple times. This readout noise reduction has attracted considerable interest in the astronomical community, particularly in spectroscopic surveys targeting faint objects at high redshifts. However, noise reduction via repetitive sampling leads to an unavoidable increase in readout time, often to prohibitive levels. To enable their use in astronomical applications, the optimal operation regime of Skipper CCDs must be determined, balancing noise improvement and readout time. Traditionally, such optimization has been carried out empirically for each CCD architecture. We present a general optimization scheme derived from first principles and experimentally verified in the laboratory using a Skipper CCD as used by the Oscura experiment. While the existence of an optimal combination of correlated double-sampling integration time and number of Skipper samples for reaching a given readout noise level at minimal readout time has previously been observed empirically, we model this trade-off analytically based on the intrinsic noise power spectral density of the sensor, allowing the optimal operating point to be predicted rather than determined experimentally for each architecture. We further show that the location of this optimum is governed by the per-sample charge-transfer time, whose minimization is therefore key to achieving fast Skipper CCD readout.