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Anil Khachi

Publications and source records attributed to Anil Khachi.

18 recordsLinked to original sources

Exact Neutron-Proton Wavefunctions Using the Phase Function Method

Radial phase shifts ($δ(r)$), amplitude functions ($A(r)$), and exact wavefunctions ($u(r)$) for various uncoupled S, P, and D channels of neutron--proton scattering have been calculated using the Phase Function Method (PFM). In these calculations, inverse potentials obtained from the Morse function as the zeroth-order reference potential are employed. The parameters of the Morse potential were optimized using the comprehensive GRANADA partial wave analysis, consisting of 6713 experimental \textit{np} phase shift data points from 1950 to 2013, by minimizing the mean square error (MSE) as a cost function. The present work provides detailed radial dependence of $δ(r)$, $A(r)$, and $u(r)$ up to 5~fm for laboratory energies $E_{\ell \text{lab}} = [1, 10, 50, 100, 150, 250, 350]$~MeV. The obtained wavefunctions show excellent agreement with high-precision Nijmegen-II results, highlighting the accuracy and transparency of the PFM approach for uncoupled scattering states.

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Pauli Consistent $\alpha$--$\alpha$ Interaction from Inverse Scattering via Phase Function Wavefunctions and RGM Antisymmetrization

The present study employs the phase function method (PFM) to construct scattering wavefunctions for the $\alpha$--$\alpha$ system, which is central to understanding the structure of $^{8}\mathrm{Be}$. The primary objective is to analyze scattering dynamics through the reconstruction of radial wavefunctions for the $\ell = 0$, 2, and 4 partial waves within the PFM framework, thereby avoiding direct numerical integration of the Schr\"odinger equation. Previously optimized single-term and two-term Morse potentials are used for benchmarking, while a double Gaussian (DG) potential is independently determined using a genetic algorithm. The resulting non-antisymmetrized wavefunctions are subsequently employed as input to the resonating group method (RGM), enabling the incorporation of Pauli exclusion effects. The antisymmetrized wavefunctions obtained in this manner show good agreement with earlier results reported by Hiura \textit{et al.} The quasi-bound state energy for the $\ell = 0$ partial wave is evaluated using the matrix method and is found to be consistent with the experimental value of $0.08,(0.09)$~MeV. The analysis further indicates the presence of two Pauli-forbidden S-wave states, consistent with Levinson's theorem, while the positive-energy solution near $0.08~\mathrm{MeV}$ corresponds to the physical $^{8}\mathrm{Be}$ resonance. Scattering parameters extracted from the proposed interactions are in good agreement with NLO, NNLO, and empirical results. Overall, the results establish the effectiveness of the PFM-based framework for reconstructing scattering observables and provide further support for the robustness of phenomenological $\alpha$--$\alpha$ interaction models.

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$nα$ Elastic Scattering: An Application of Variable Phase Approach to Local Potential

Distance-dependent phase shifts, amplitude functions, and radial wave functions for neutron-alpha elastic scattering are studied using the Variable Phase Approach. The microscopic KKNN potential is employed to calculate scattering properties for the $S_{1/2}$, $P_{3/2}$, and $P_{1/2}$ partial waves over a range of laboratory energies. The variable phase equations are solved numerically using a fifth-order Runge-Kutta method, allowing a direct examination of how the nuclear interaction generates the scattering phase within the finite interaction region. The results exhibit physically consistent behavior of the phase shifts and yield well-behaved amplitude and wave functions. This study demonstrates that the Variable Phase Approach provides a physically transparent and reliable framework for describing neutron-alpha elastic scattering and for applications in inverse scattering problems.

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Physics-Guided Neural Networks for Constructing Nucleon-Nucleon Inverse Potentials

We propose a physics-guided neural network (PGNN) framework for constructing nucleon-nucleon inverse potentials based on inverse scattering theory. The framework integrates the Phase Function Method (PFM) with a two-stage supervised multi-layer perceptron (MLP) model to extract the optimal parameters of the Malfliet-Tjon (MT) potential from sparse phase-shift data. A synthetic dataset of phase shifts is generated by solving the phase equation for angular momentum $\ell$ = 0, using the fifth-order Runge-Kutta method, ensuring physically consistent training data. The first neural network predicts the attractive potential strength, $\tilde{V}_A$, while the second estimates the repulsive strength, $\tilde{V}_R$. The optimal range parameter, $μ$, is obtained through error minimization between predicted and expected phase shifts, thereby enhancing both stability and accuracy compared to conventional inversion techniques. The PGNN framework is validated for the $^1S_0$ state of neutron-proton (n-p), proton-proton (p-p), and neutron-neutron (n-n) scattering at low energies. The constructed inverse potentials accurately reproduce the phase shifts reported in the literature and exhibit the expected features of nucleon-nucleon interactions, including a short-range repulsive core and an intermediate-range attractive well, with the n-p system showing the deepest potential minimum due to stronger binding. These results demonstrate that the proposed PGNN framework provides an efficient and accurate approach for constructing nuclear potentials, effectively bridging machine learning techniques with quantum scattering theory.

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Resonant Structures in $p{}^7\mathrm{Be}$ Scattering and Their Connection to the Astrophysical $S$-Factor

In this paper, we employ the Variable Phase Approach (VPA) to obtain the scattering phase shifts \( δ(E, r) \), amplitude function \( A(r) \), and radial wavefunction \( u(r) \) for various channels involved in the astrophysical reaction \( {}^7\mathrm{Be}(p,γ)^8\mathrm{B} \). Using the extracted phase shifts, we compute the total and partial cross sections. It is observed that the peaks in the partial cross section correspond to resonant states in the compound nucleus, which also manifest as enhancements in the astrophysical S-factor. These resonances significantly increase the reaction probability at certain energies, particularly in the low-energy regime relevant to stellar nucleosynthesis. The VPA thus serves as a reliable and efficient method for calculating scattering phase shifts and, in turn, extracting the resonance energies of different partial waves. These resonance energies can provide valuable insight into the energy region where the astrophysical \textit{S}-factor is likely to peak.

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Modeling of Real and Imaginary Phase Shifts for $α-α$ Scattering using Malfliet-Tjon Potential

The real and imaginary scattering phase shifts (SPS) and potentials for $\ell=0,2,4$ partial waves have been obtained by developing a novel algorithm$^{\ref{Fig1}}$ to derive inverse potentials using a phenomenological approach. The phase equation, which is a Riccati-type non-linear differential equation, is coupled with the Variational Monte Carlo method. Comparisons between the resulting SPS for various $\ell$ channels and experimental data are made using mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) as a cost function. Model parameters are fine-tuned through an appropriate optimization technique to minimize MAPE. The results for $\ell=0^+$, $2^+$, and $4^+$ partial waves are generated to align with experimental SPS with mean absolute error (MAE) calculated with respect to experimental data is 3.19, 8.74, 13.06 respectively corresponding to real part and 0.76, 0.76, 0.59 corresponding to imaginary parts of scattering phase shifts.

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Estimating Inverse Scattering Potentials for n-p System Using Variational Monte Carlo & Neural Networks

The Riccati-type nonlinear differential equation, also known as the Variable Phase Approach or Phase Function Method, is used to construct local inverse potentials for the \( ^3S_1 \) and \( ^1S_0 \) states of the deuteron. The Morse potential has been optimized by adjusting parameters using the Variational Monte Carlo (VMC) and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) type Neural Networks (NN). The inverse potentials obtained from VMC and NN show almost identical parameters. In VMC, all three parameters of the Morse potential are varied to obtain the phase shifts, while in NN, the 3D-parameter optimization problem is converted to a 1D-parameter optimization problem, thus reducing optimization parameters, time, and computational cost. Recently, the GRANADA group published a comprehensive partial wave analysis of scattering data, which includes 6713 \( np \) phase shift data points from 1950 to 2013. Using the final experimental data points from GRANADA, we obtained the parameters for the Morse potential by minimizing the mean square error (MSE) as the cost function. The MSE using VMC (NN) is found to be 0.65 (2.5) for the \( ^1S_0 \) state and 0.16 (0.22) for the \( ^3S_1 \) state. Various quantum functions, such as phase \( δ(r) \), amplitude \( A(r) \), and wave function \( u(r) \), are described up to 5 fm with energies \( E_{\ell ab} = [1-350 \text{ MeV}] \).

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Study of proton-proton Scattering using Phase Function Method

Background: The study of np and pp scattering, central to understanding nuclear force, remains an optional topic in many undergraduate nuclear physics curriculum. Purpose: The main thrust of this paper is to study pp scattering using the phase function method to obtain the observed S-wave phase shifts and cross-sections at various energies. Methods: The pp interaction has been modeled by choosing the Malfliet-Tjon potential for the nuclear part along with the screened Coulomb potential. The phase equation has been solved to obtain scattering phase shifts using the fourth-order RK method (RK-4). Results: The interaction potential obtained from optimized parameters matches well with the realistic Argonne V18 potential for 1S0 state of pp scattering and the scattering phase shifts as well as the cross-section for energies ranging from 1-350 MeV are in good agreement with expected data. Conclusion: Introducing the phase function method for S-wave (l=0) could bring this interesting study of nucleon-nucleon scattering to the undergraduate classroom.

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Computing Scattering Cross Sections For Spherically Symmetric Potentials

This paper introduces students and instructors to the use of Scilab for calculating phase shifts from phenomenological potentials in nuclear, atomic, and molecular scattering, beginning with a Riccati-type nonlinear differential equation derived from the time-independent Schr$\ddot{\text{o}}$dinger equation. For spherically symmetric potentials, this equation can be easily solved using Xcos, a Scilab toolbox. \cite{PRC}\cite{bobby} Scilab is open source software that is used for numerical computations and can be freely downloaded for Windows, Linux and Mac OS.\cite{scilab} Xcos is a Scilab toolbox dedicated to the modeling and simulation of hybrid dynamic systems \cite{rachna}. Xcos provides users with the ability to model complex dynamical systems using a block diagram editor (GUI based), offering a step-by-step procedure for learning to solve complex differential equations interactively.

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Variational Optimization for Constructing Inverse Potentials of Proton-Proton Scattering: A Phase Function Method Study

Background: The phase-shift analysis for proton-proton scattering has been studied by various research groups using the realistic potentials to be comprised of various internal interactions based on an exchange of pions and mesons, involving a large number of parameters. Purpose: The goal of the research is to construct inverse potentials for various l-channels of proton-proton (pp) elastic scattering using the 3-parameter Morse function in combination with atomic Hulthen by utilizing the phase function method and variational optimization technique. Methodology: The implementation of variational optimization begins with randomly assigning initial values to the Morse model parameters. Utilizing the Morse + Hulthen potential as input, the phase equations for various l-channels are numerically solved using the RK-5 method for obtaining the simulated Scattering Phase Shift (SPS). Mean Squared error between simulated and expected SPS has been chosen as the cost function. Variational optimization proceeds iteratively by adjusting potential parameters and re-evaluating the cost function until convergence is achieved. Results: All the obtained scattering phase shifts for various l-channels have been found to converge to a mean squared error <= 0.3. The computed cross-sections matched the experimental ones to less than 1% for energies up to 25 MeV. The scattering parameters are also found to closely match the experimental data. Conclusion: The inverse potentials constructed for various l-channels using Morse + atomic Hulthen are on par with the currently available high-precision realistic potentials.

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Algorithm to Obtain Inverse Potentials for $α-α$ Scattering using Variable Phase Approach

An algorithm$^{\ref{Fig1}}$ has been developed with the purpose of obtaining inverse potentials, where the Riccati-type non-linear differential equation, also called phase equation, has been kept in tandem with the Variational Monte Carlo method. The optimization of Gaussian function parameters is achieved such that the experimental phase shifts are reproduced. The obtained SPS for various $\ ell$ channels has been compared with experimental ones with mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) as a measure. The model parameters have been optimised by suitable optimisation technique by looking for minimum value of MAPE. The results for $\ell$=0$^+$, 2$^+$ and 4$^+$ partial waves have been obtained, to match with experimental SPS, with MAPE values of $2.9$, $4.6$ and $6.2$ respectively for data up to $23$ MeV, while for higher states 6$^+$, 8$^+$ and 10$^+$ has MAPE of $3.2, 4.5$ and $5.9$ respectively for data from $53-120$ MeV. On extrapolation for data in range E$_{\ell ab.}$ = $23-120$ MeV, using the optimised parameters, the SPS are found to be in close agreement with experimental ones for the first three channels.

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Effective Range Approximation in Variable Phase Approach for Triplet $^3S_1^{\{np\}}$ and Singlet $^1S_0^{ \{nn, np, pp\}}$ State

This work is a short communication where phase function method has been applied to obtain the phase shifts using Effective Range Approximation potential for $^3S_1-np$, $^1S_0-nn$, $^1S_0-np$, and $^1S_0-pp$ states. No free fitting parameters are used in calculations and reasonably good match with the experimental phase shifts is observed for E $\leq$ 20 MeV. Potentials are obtained for n-n, n-p, and p-p scattering that are exponential well-shaped.

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Numerical Simulation Study of Neutron-Proton Scattering using Phase Function Method

In this article, we propose a numerical approach to solve quantum mechanical scattering problems, using phase function method, by considering neutron-proton interaction as an example. The nonlinear phase equation, obtained from the time-independent Schrodinger equation, is solved using the Runge-Kutta method for obtaining S-wave scattering phase shifts for neutron-proton interaction modeled using Yukawa and Malfliet-Tjon potentials. While scattering phase shifts of S-states using Yukawa match with experimental data for only lower energies of 50 MeV, Malfliet-Tjon potential with repulsive term gives very good accuracy for all available energies up to 350 MeV. Utilizing these S-wave scattering phase shifts, low energy scattering parameters, and total S-wave cross section have been calculated and found to be consistent with experimental results. This simulation methodology can be easily extended to study scattering phenomenon using phase wave analysis approach in the realms of atomic, molecular, and nuclear physics.

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Isospectral Potentials and Quantum Mechanical Functions for Neutron-Neutron Scattering

In this paper we have constructed inverse isospectral potentials for 1S0-nn state by fitting the experimental SPS using Variational Monte-Carlo technique in tandem with PFM technique. The isospectral potentials are obtained such that the cost measure i.e., mean absolute error (MAE) between the obtained and experimental SPS are less than 1 and the parameters give the low energy scattering parameters (`a' and `re') very close to the experimental values. The S-channel SPS for 1S0-nn have been obtained, with a MAE with respect to experimental data for lab energies up to 350 MeV, to less than 1.

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Inverse Potentials for all l-channels of Neutron-Proton Scattering using Reference Potential Approach

Reference potential approach (RPA) is successful in obtaining inverse potentials for weakly bound diatomic molecules using Morse function. In this work, our goal is to construct inverse potentials for all available l-channels of np-scattering using RPA. The Riccati-type phase equations for various l-channels are solved using 5th order Runge-Kutta method to obtain scattering phase shifts (SPS) in tandem with an optimization procedure to minimize mean squared error (MSE). Interaction potentials for a total of 18 states have been constructed using only three parameter Morse interaction model. The obtained MSE is < 1% for 1S0 , 3P1 and 3D1 channels and < 2% for 1P1 channel and < 0.1% for rest of the 14 channels. The obtained total scattering cross-sections at various lab energies are found to be matching well with experimental ones. This phase wave analysis study of all channels of np-scattering using RPA has been undertaken using Morse function as zeroth reference, by us, is for the first time.

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Deuteron Structure and Form Factors: Using Inverse Potentials for S-waves

In this paper, we determine deuteron's static properties, low energy scattering parameters, total cross-section and form factors from inverse S-wave potentials constructed using Morse function. The scattering phase shifts (SPS) at different lab energies are determined using phase function method. The model parameters are optimised using both machine learning algorithm and traditional data analysis by choosing mean squared error as cost function. The mean absolute error between experimental and obtained SPS for states 3S1 and 1S0 are found to be 0.35 and 0.70 respectively. The low energy scattering parameters are matching well with expected values. The contribution due to S-waves SPS towards total cross-section at various energies have been obtained and are matching well with experimental values. The analytical ground state deuteron wave-function (DWF) is obtained by utilizing the experimental value for Quadrupole moment. Other static properties and form factors determined from obtained DWF are found to be in close agreement with experimental ones.

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Phase Shift Analysis of Light Nucleon-Nucleus Elastic Scattering using Reference Potential Approach

The neutron and proton scattering with either deuteron or stable alpha particle can be modeled as a two particle system. In this paper, using Morse function as reference potential, inverse potentials have been computationally constructed directly from scattering phase shifts (SPS) data for light nucleon-nucleus systems. The phase equation for various l-channels has been numerically solved using 5th order Runge-Kutta (RK-5) method in each iteration within the optimization procedure to obtain best model parameters of Morse function that minimize mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The inverse potentials for S-wave of neutron-deuteron and proton-deuteron systems have been obtained with MAPE of 1.95 and 2.05% respectively. Those corresponding to various P and D channels of neutron-alpha(n-alpha) and proton-alpha(p-alpha) systems, have been determined to less than 1.53 and 2.17% respectively. The obtained(experimental) resonance energies for p1/2 and p3/2, from their partial cross-sections plots, respectively are 4.1(4) and 0.93(0.89) for n-alpha and 5.21(5) and 1.96(1.96) for p-alpha system. While total cross-section for n-alpha has been found to be matching with values available in literature, that of p-alpha is seen to be following the correct trend.

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Neutron-Proton Interaction Modeled using Morse Function: Constructing Inverse Potentials Using Variational Monte-Carlo and Phase Function Method

Understanding neutron-proton(np) interaction has been one of the most studied problems. One way to construct model interaction has been using inversion potentials obtained from experimental scattering phase shifts(SPS). Here, we show that, inverse potentials corresponding to SPS for various l-channels of np interaction can be obtained using variational Monte-Carlo(VMC) technique in tandem with phase function method(PFM) by modeling np-interaction as a Morse function. The S-channel SPS for 3S1 and 1S0 have been obtained, with a mean percentage error with respect to experimental multiple energy analysis data for lab energies up to 1050 MeV, to less than 5%. Similarly, inverse potential for 1S0 pp interaction, with Coulomb term modeled as proportional to erf(), has also been obtained to match experimental values to less than 4%. Non-local and spin-orbit terms are included to obtain inverse potentials for P and D channels and results match with available data to a good extent.

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