The Cactus Criterion: When Nonlinear Hodge Theory Reduces to Linear on Graphs
Let $G$ be a finite connected simple graph with a chosen orientation of its edges. For the edge potential $\psi(t)=\cosh t-1,$ we minimize $\sum_{e\in E^\to}\psi(z_e)$ over each affine class $\omega+dC^0(G)\subset C^1(G)$. The minimizer is the unique representative satisfying the nonlinear coclosed equation $\delta\sinh z=0,$ and hence defines a nonlinear selector $\Picc:C^1(G)\to C^1(G).$ We show that $\Picc$ is real analytic, identify its image as $\imop \Picc=\Mcc=\operatorname{arsinh}(\ker\delta),$ and compute its differential as a weighted Hodge projector. In particular, $\Picc$ agrees with the ordinary Hodge projector $\PiH$ to first order at the origin, and the first nonlinear correction is cubic. Our main global theorem is a graph-theoretic criterion: for every admissible edge potential -- even, $C^2$, strictly convex, and non-quadratic -- the associated nonlinear selector coincides with $\PiH$ on all of $C^1(G)$ if and only if $G$ is a cactus graph. Finally, we work out the two-triangle graph, the smallest connected simple obstruction, and record a self-concordant Newton method for computing $\Picc$.