arXiv subjects

Anja K. Skrivervik

Publications and source records attributed to Anja K. Skrivervik.

12 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

A Compact Reconfigurable Antenna for Single-RF-Chain Passive Multi-Target DOA Estimation

This work proposes a compact and hardware-efficient frequency- and radiation-pattern-reconfigurable antenna (FPRA) for passive multi-target direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation using a single receive RF chain. The antenna consists of a sectorized circular patch loaded with 16 PIN diodes. By switching the diode states, the current-concentration boundary on the patch is shifted, enabling reconfiguration of both the operating frequency and radiation pattern. With a single receive RF chain, the proposed antenna achieves beam scanning from -40 degrees to 40 degrees and provides multiple operating frequencies across the S- and C-bands. Based on these reconfigurable observation states, radiation-pattern switching is used to emulate the spatial sampling of a conventional antenna array, while multi-frequency observations introduce phase diversity to reduce the correlation among echoes from multiple passive targets illuminated by the same transmitter. Experimental results demonstrate that the combined virtual spatial sampling and frequency diversity enable passive multi-target DOA estimation without a conventional antenna array or multiple receive RF chains. The proposed FPRA offers a compact and hardware-efficient sensing solution for future integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems.

physics.app-ph↗

arXiv2025

Conformal Wide-Angle Scanning Leaky-Wave Antenna for V-Band On-Body Applications

Wearable on-body millimeter-wave (mmWave) radars can provide obstacle detection and guidance for visually impaired individuals. The antennas, being a crucial component of these systems, must be lightweight, flexible, low-cost, and compact. However, existing antennas suffer from a rigid form factor and limited reconfigurability. This article presents a low-profile, fast scanning leaky-wave antenna (LWA) operating in the unlicensed V-band (57-64 GHz) for on-body applications such as lightweight portable frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radars. The novel meandering microstrip design allows independent control of gain and scanning rate (rate of change of main beam pointing direction with frequency). Experimental results show that the LWA achieves a realized gain above 10 dB with a fan-beam steering range in the H-plane from -35{deg} to 45{deg} over the operating frequency band, while the half power beamwidth (HPBW) is within 20{deg} in planar condition. To assess the on-body applicability, the antenna's performance is evaluated under bending. When placed on the knee (corresponding to 80 mm radius), the beam steers from -25{deg} to 55{deg} with a maximum realized gain degradation of 1.75 dB, and an increase of HPBW up to 25{deg}. This demonstrates the LWA's robustness in conformal conditions, while maintaining beam-forming and beam-scanning capabilities. Simulations confirm that the LWA's ground plane minimizes user exposure, adhering to international guidelines. Finally, we demonstrate a 2-D spatial scanning by employing an array of twelve LWAs with phased excitation, enabling beam-forming in the E-plane from -50{deg} to 50{deg}, while the HPBW remains below 20{deg}. Mutual coupling analysis reveals that isolation loss and active reflection coefficient remain below 15 dB throughout the operating band.

physics.app-ph↗

arXiv2024

Physical Insights into Electromagnetic Efficiency of Wireless Implantable Bioelectronics

Autonomous implantable bioelectronics rely on wireless connectivity, necessitating highly efficient electromagnetic (EM) radiation systems. However, limitations in power, safety, and data transmission currently impede the advancement of innovative wireless medical devices, such as tetherless neural interfaces, electroceuticals, and surgical microrobots. To overcome these challenges and ensure sufficient link and power budgets for wireless implantable systems, this study explores the mechanisms behind EM radiation and losses, offering strategies to enhance radiation efficiency in wireless implantable bioelectronics. Using analytical modeling, the EM waves emitted by the implant are expanded as a series of spherical harmonics, enabling a detailed analysis of the radiation mechanisms. This framework is then extended to approximate absorption losses caused by the lossy and dispersive properties of tissues through derived analytical expressions. The radiation efficiency and in-body path loss are quantified and compared in terms of three primary loss mechanisms. The impact of various parameters on the EM efficiency of implantable devices is analyzed and quantified, including operating frequency, implant size, body-air interface curvature, and implantation location. Additionally, a rapid estimation technique is introduced to determine the optimal operating frequency for specific scenarios, along with a set of design principles aimed at improving radiation performance. The design strategies derived in this work - validated through numerical and experimental demonstrations on realistic implants - reveal a potential improvement in implant radiation efficiency or gain by a factor of five to ten, leading to a corresponding increase in overall link efficiency compared to conventional designs.

physics.bio-ph↗

arXiv2024

Analytic Approximation of Free-Space Path Loss for Implanted Antennas

Implantable wireless bioelectronic devices enable communication and/or power transfer through RF wireless connections with external nodes. These devices encounter notable design challenges due to the lossy nature of the host body, which significantly diminishes the radiation efficiency of the implanted antenna and tightens the wireless link budget. Prior research has yielded closed-form approximate expressions for estimating losses occurring within the lossy host body, known as the in-body path loss. To assess the total path loss between the implanted transmitter and external receiver, this paper focuses on the free-space path loss of the implanted antenna, from the body-air interface to the external node. This is not trivial, as in addition to the inherent radial spreading of spherical electromagnetic waves common to all antennas, implanted antennas confront additional losses arising from electromagnetic scattering at the interface between the host body and air. Employing analytical modeling, we propose closed-form approximate expressions for estimating this free-space path loss. The approximation is formulated as a function of the free-space distance, the curvature radius of the body-air interface, the depth of the implanted antenna, and the permittivity of the lossy medium. This proposed method undergoes thorough validation through numerical calculations, simulations, and measurements for different implanted antenna scenarios. This study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the path loss in implanted antennas and provides a reliable analytical framework for their efficient design and performance evaluation.

physics.med-ph↗

arXiv2024

A Flat Dual-Polarized Millimeter-Wave Luneburg Lens Antenna Using Transformation Optics with Reduced Anisotropy and Impedance Mismatch

In this paper, a compact wideband dual-polarized Luneburg lens antenna (LLA) with reduced anisotropy and improved impedance matching is proposed in Ka band with a wide 2D beamscanning capability. Based on transformation optics, the spherical Luneburg lens is compressed into a cylindrical one, while the merits of high gain, broad band, wide scanning, and free polarization are preserved. A trigonometric function is employed to the material property of the flattened Luneburg lens with reduced anisotropy, thus effectively alleviates the strong reflection, the high sidelobes and back radiation with a free cost on the antenna weight and volume. Furthermore, a light thin wideband 7-by-1 metasurface phased array is studied as the primary feed for the LLA. The proposed metantenna, shorted for metamaterial-based antenna, has a high potential for B5G, future wireless communication and radar sensing as an onboard system.

eess.SY↗

arXiv2024

A 49.8mm2 Fully Integrated, 1.5m Transmission-Range, High-Data-Rate IR-UWB Transmitter for Brain Implants

To address the challenge of extending the transmission range of implantable TXs while also minimizing their size and power consumption, this paper introduces a transcutaneous, high data-rate, fully integrated IR-UWB transmitter that employs a novel co-designed power amplifier (PA) and antenna interface for enhanced performance. With the co-designed interface, we achieved the smallest footprint of 49.8mm2 and the longest transmission range of 1.5m compared to the state-of-the-art IR-UWB TXs.

eess.SY↗

arXiv2024

Analytical Model for Calculating Gain Pattern of Antennas Implanted in Large Host Bodies

This paper presents a method for the fast and accurate estimation of the gain pattern and maximum gain of an implanted antenna including the effect of the host body, under the assumption that the latter is electrically large. The estimation procedure is based on the radiation of an elementary dipole source placed in a planar body model. The derivation of closed-form expressions is based on spherical wave analysis and the Green's functions for layered media. The validity of this approximation for practical cases is shown on different implanted antennas, where the results are compared to full wave simulations and measurements.

physics.med-ph↗

arXiv2024

Radiation Efficiency and Gain Bounds for Microstrip Patch Antennas

This paper presents radiation efficiency and gain bounds for microstrip patch antennas. The presented bounds are shown to be good predictors of antenna performance. Using the bounds, patch miniaturization techniques based on high permittivity substrates and geometrical shaping are compared. Further, a semi-analytic model is developed to approximate the bounds. Measurements are used to validate the bounds. Finally, maximum bandwidth of a microstrip patch antenna is linked to its maximum radiation efficiency.

eess.SP↗

arXiv2024

Maximum Radiation Efficiency of Arbitrarily-Shaped Implantable Antennas

Performance limitations for implanted antennas, taking radiation efficiency as the metric, are presented. The performance limitations use a convex optimization procedure with the current density inside the implant acting as its degree of freedom. The knowledge of the limitations provides useful information in design procedure and physical insight. Ohmic losses in the antenna and surrounding tissue are both considered and quantitatively compared. The interaction of all parts of the system is taken into account in a full-wave manner via the hybrid computation method. The optimization framework is thoroughly tested on a realistic implanted antenna design that is treated both experimentally and as a model in a commercial electromagnetic solver. Good agreement is reported. To demonstrate the feasibility of developed performance limitations, they are compared to the performance of a loop and a dipole antenna showing the importance of various loss mechanisms during the design process. The trade-off between tissue loss and antenna ohmic loss indicates critical points at which the optimal solution drastically changes and the chosen topology for a specific design should be changed.

physics.med-ph↗

arXiv2023

A Miniature Non-Uniform Conformal Antenna Array Using Fast Synthesis for Wide-Scan UAV Application

To overcome the limited payload of lightweight vehicles such as unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and the aerodynamic constraints on the onboard radar, a compact nonuniform conformal array is proposed in order to achieve a wide beamscanning range and to reduce the sidelobes of the planar array. The non-uniform array consists of 7x4 elements where the inner two rows follow a geometric sequence while the outer two rows follow an arithmetic sequence along the x axis. The element spacing along the y axis is gradient from the center as well. This geometry not only provides more degrees of freedom to optimize the array radiation, but also reduces the computation cost when synthesizing the excitation and the configuration of the array for a specific beam pattern. As field cancellation may happen due to the convex and concave features of the non-canonical UAV surface, a fast and low-cost in-house code to calculate the radiation pattern of a large scale conformal array for an arbitrary surface and element pattern is employed to optimize the array structure. As a proof of concept, the proposed array with a total volume of 142x93x40 mm3 is implemented at ISM band (5.8 GHz) using a miniature widebeam single-layer patch antenna with a dimension of 0.12lambdax0.12lambdax0.025lambda. By using the beamforming technique, an active onboard system is measured, which achieves the maximum gain of 21.8 dBi and a scanning range of >50deg and -28deg~28deg with a small scan loss of 2.2 and 0.5 dB in elevation and azimuth, respectively. Therefore, our design has high potential for wireless communication and sensing on UAV.

eess.SP↗

arXiv2023

Wireless powering efficiency of deep-body implantable devices

The wireless power transfer efficiency to implanted bioelectronic devices is constrained by several frequency-dependent physical mechanisms. Recent works have developed several mathematical formulations to understand these mechanisms and predict the optimal operating conditions. However, existing approaches rely on simplified body models, which are unable to capture important aspects of wireless power transfer. Therefore, this paper proposes the efficiency analysis approach in anatomical models that can provide insightful information on achieving the optimum operation conditions. First, this approach is validated with a theoretical spherical wave expansion analysis, and the results for a simplified spherical model and a human pectoral model are compared. The results show that although a magnetic receiver outperforms an electric one for near-field operation and both sources could be equally employed in far-field range, it is in mid-field that the maximum efficiency is achieved with an optimum frequency between 1-5 GHz depending on the implantation depth. The receiver orientation is another factor that affects the efficiency, with a maximum difference between the best and worst-case scenarios around five times for the electric source and over 13 times for the magnetic one. This approach is used to analyze the case of a deep-implanted pacemaker wirelessly powered by an on-body transmitter and subjected to stochastic misalignments. We evaluate the efficiency and exposure, and we demonstrate how a buffered transmitter can be tailored to achieve maximum powering efficiency. Finally, design guidelines that lead to optimal implantable wireless power transfer systems are established from the results obtained with the proposed approach.

physics.app-ph↗

arXiv2022

Approximate Expressions to the Reactive Near-Field Losses of Body-Implanted Antennas

Implantable bioelectronics often relies on an RF-wireless link for communication and/or remote powering. Propagation through biological media is very lossy, and previous work has shown that these losses can be separated into three parts: the losses incurred by the propagating fields, the reflections at media interfaces, and the coupling of the reactive near field and the lossy body. The first two are unavoidable, but a clever antenna design can minimize the near-field losses. A good physical understanding of this particular loss phenomenon is thus very desirable. Unfortunately, previous work does not take the implantation depth into account and is thus valid only for deep implants. In this contribution, we propose approximate expressions to the near field losses of antennas implanted in biological hosts considering the encapsulation size, the frequency, the characteristics of the host medium, and the implantation depth. They are obtained using a spherical wave expansion, and are useful for realistic implantation scenarios. This is demonstrated by first comparing the results obtained using these expressions with rigorous computations for two canonical phantoms: a spherical phantom and a planar phantom. Finally, the usefulness of the obtained expressions is illustrated in the practical realization of a capsule-shaped implanted antenna.

physics.app-ph↗