arXiv subjects

Ann Marie Reinhold

Publications and source records attributed to Ann Marie Reinhold.

6 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Wicked Problem, Parsimonious Solution: Securing Electric Vehicle Charging Station Software

Electric vehicle charging infrastructure presents a suite of novel cyber-physical threats. Among this infrastructure, charging stations are the most vulnerable elements. The software in the charging station supply equipment is particularly vulnerable. Currently, the software is an attack surface that is largely unprotected and poorly characterized. To represent the vulnerabilities in this attack surface, we advocate for applying modern software quality assurance to characterize vulnerabilities in electric vehicle charging station software. Specifically, we advocate for the application of hierarchical software quality assurance (HSQA) to specialized electric vehicle charging station software. HSQA provides a comprehensive view of the code quality and security -- from the level of individual vulnerabilities (e.g., CVEs) to high level characteristics (e.g., CIA Triad). HSQA incorporates quality and security considerations throughout the software development lifecycle. Thus, our position is that HSQA is an excellent approach for assessing electrical vehicle charging station software.

cs.CR↗

arXiv2026

Characterizing and Codifying Malware Sophistication

'Sophisticated' is widely used to describe malware, yet it lacks a consistent definition within academic literature. While existing software quality and complexity metrics offer some insight into malware structure, they do not capture the broader adversarial and operational traits that contribute to real-world threat potential. This paper presents a systematization of existing approaches for assessing malware quality using static binary analysis. We define malware sophistication through a quality-focused lens by reinterpreting select characteristics from the ISO/IEC 25010 software quality standard, including reliability, maintainability, flexibility, and security, and evaluating their applicability to malware binaries. We identify which characteristics are both relevant to malware and measurable through static analysis, forming the basis for future frameworks that consistently assess malware sophistication when source code is unavailable or dynamic execution is infeasible.

cs.CR↗

arXiv2026

Automating Static Code Analysis Through CI/CD Pipeline Integration

In the contemporary landscape of software devel-opment, securing sensitive data is paramount to safeguarding organizational reputation, preventing financial losses, and pro-tecting individuals from identity theft. This paper addresses the pervasive challenge of identifying and rectifying security vulnerabilities early in the development process, emphasizing the role of Static Application Security Testing (SAST) tools. While SAST tools play a crucial role in detecting vulnerabilities, widespread adoption has been hindered by usability issues, including high false positive rates and a lack of native pipeline support. This paper proposes a novel, generalized, and automated process for aggregating SAST tool outputs and integrating them into developers' familiar issue-tracking software. The process streamlines the identification and communication of security vulnerabilities during the development lifecycle, facilitating more efficient remediation efforts. We demonstrate the successful implementation of the proposed process with the SonarQube SAST tool in a GitLab-based development environment. Developers were positive about the structured implementation, real-time feedback, and proactive vulnerability management. However, despite some challenges such as a potential learning curve and tradeoffs between secure coding and workflow disruption, the overall positive impact on security awareness and responsiveness suggests that the proposed process holds promise in enhancing the security posture of software development practices

cs.CR↗

arXiv2026

Barriers to Using Static Application Security Testing (SAST) Tools: A Literature Review

Developers face a challenging problem with no clear solution. Modern software breaches can wreak havoc on businesses and individuals alike. With code vulnerabilities being a leading cause, securing applications must be a priority for developers. Static Application Security Testing (SAST) has the potential to harden applications by assisting in the identification and resolution of security vulnerabilities. Despite this, many development teams have not adopted SAST tools into their environment. In this paper, we survey the recent literature to uncover why some developers are apprehensive towards SAST and identify what specific problems they encounter when using it. We found a variety of usability problems developers face when using SAST. Some are inherent of the tool and ultimately require some level of developer investment while others are tool shortcomings that SAST tool creators must address. Ultimately, we argue that in order to drive widespread adoption and consistent SAST usage, developers will need to embrace that some investment is required. Simultaneously, developers will be more likely to integrate SAST tools into their workflows if the creators of SAST tools simplify many aspects related to tool usage. Surmounting the primary obstacles preventing the adoption of SAST requires full consideration of both the technical and human factors.

cs.SE↗

arXiv2025

SoK: Trusted Execution in SoC-FPGAs

Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) have emerged at the forefront of edge computing to combat the lack of trust between system components. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are commonly used as edge computers but were not created with security as a primary consideration. Thus, FPGA-based edge computers are increasingly the target of cyberattacks. We analyze the existing literature to systematize the applications and features of FPGA-based TEEs. We identified 27 primary studies related to different types of System-on-Chip FPGA-based TEEs. Across a wide range of applications and features, the availability of extensible solutions is limited. Most solutions focus on specific features and applications, whereas few solutions focus on feature-rich, comprehensive TEEs that can be utilized across computer systems. Whether TEEs are specific or extensible, the paucity of published studies provides evidence of research gaps. This SoK delineates these gaps revealing opportunities for researchers and developers.

cs.CR↗

arXiv2024

GPT-4 Generated Narratives of Life Events using a Structured Narrative Prompt: A Validation Study

Large Language Models (LLMs) play a pivotal role in generating vast arrays of narratives, facilitating a systematic exploration of their effectiveness for communicating life events in narrative form. In this study, we employ a zero-shot structured narrative prompt to generate 24,000 narratives using OpenAI's GPT-4. From this dataset, we manually classify 2,880 narratives and evaluate their validity in conveying birth, death, hiring, and firing events. Remarkably, 87.43% of the narratives sufficiently convey the intention of the structured prompt. To automate the identification of valid and invalid narratives, we train and validate nine Machine Learning models on the classified datasets. Leveraging these models, we extend our analysis to predict the classifications of the remaining 21,120 narratives. All the ML models excelled at classifying valid narratives as valid, but experienced challenges at simultaneously classifying invalid narratives as invalid. Our findings not only advance the study of LLM capabilities, limitations, and validity but also offer practical insights for narrative generation and natural language processing applications.

cs.CL↗