arXiv subjects

Annalisa Iuorio

Publications and source records attributed to Annalisa Iuorio.

14 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Traveling fronts in a spatial epidemic model with slow loss of immunity

We investigate the emergence of traveling front solutions in a spatial SIRS epidemic model with diffusion acting on the infected population. The model exhibits a natural slow-fast structure due to the presence of a small parameter governing the loss of immunity, which induces a separation of scales in the dynamics. Using a traveling wave reduction, the PDE system is transformed into a singularly perturbed system of ODEs, which we analyze within the framework of Geometric Singular Perturbation Theory. In the singular limits, we study the fast excursions governed by the layer problem, and the slow evolution close to the critical manifold. In particular, we identify an entry-exit mechanism tracking the transitions between slow and fast regimes, and derive a quantitative characterization of the entry-exit dynamics. Numerical simulations of the full system confirm the validity of the proposed geometric picture. The traveling front is shown to consist of a concatenation of local, fast, and slow segments, in agreement with the theoretical analysis.

math.DS↗

arXiv2026

Constructing far-from-equilibrium patterns in a cross-diffusion vegetation-autotoxicity model

Using geometric singular perturbation theory, we construct stationary, periodic, front-type far-from-equilibrium patterns in a cross-diffusion model for plant growth under the influence of toxicity. We show how existing techniques for the analysis of far-from-equilibrium patterns in one spatial dimension can be extended to include cross-diffusion terms and prove the existence of a one-parameter family of these patterns. For a general cross-diffusion model class, we show when front-type patterns may appear depending on the shape of the critical manifold, which is determined by the specific properties of the reaction terms.

math.DS↗

arXiv2026

How inertia affects autotoxicity-mediated vegetation dynamics: from close-to to far-from-equilibrium patterns

In this work, the influence of inertial effects on the formation and evolution of vegetation patterns on sloped arid terrains is investigated from the onset of instability to far-from-equilibrium. Analyses are carried out in a hyperbolic extension of the one-dimensional Klausmeier model, where autotoxicity effects are also taken into account. As the system moves away from the wave bifurcation threshold, two classes of solutions arise: small-amplitude periodic migrating bands near onset and large-amplitude travelling pulses in far-from-equilibrium conditions. For the first class, results of LSA reveal that inertia has a twofold role at onset: it acts as a destabilising mechanism, thereby enlarging the parameter region in which uphill migrating vegetation bands can emerge, and it reduces the pattern migration speed. Its role also manifests itself close to onset, as proved by the Stuart-Landau equation for the pattern amplitude deduced via multiple-scale WNA. Indeed, it is shown that inertial effects may reverse the dynamical regime, from supercritical to subcritical, thus leading to hysteresis. For the second class of solutions, the travelling vegetation pulses are first captured via numerical simulations and then investigated via Geometric Singular Perturbation Theory (GSPT). In far-from-equilibrium conditions, inertia is shown to increase pulse speed while preserving the intrinsic multiscale structure of the solution, in full agreement with the numerical findings. Overall, the proposed combined analytical-numerical investigations have depicted several ecological scenarios as a function of the distance from the instability threshold, elucidating that inertia does not exclusively act as a time lag.

nlin.PS↗

arXiv2025

Beyond water limitation in vegetation-autotoxicity patterning: a cross-diffusion model

Many mathematical models describing vegetation patterns are based on biomass--water interactions, due to the impact of this limited resource in arid and semi-arid environments. However, in recent years, a novel biological factor called autotoxicity has proved to play a key role in vegetation spatiotemporal dynamics, particularly by inhibiting biomass growth and increasing its natural mortality rate. In a standard reaction-diffusion framework, biomass-toxicity dynamics alone are unable to support the emergence of stable spatial patterns. In this paper, we derive a cross-diffusion model for biomass and toxicity dynamics as the fast-reaction limit of a three-species system involving dichotomy and different time scales. Within this general framework, in addition to growth inhibition and extra-mortality already considered in previous studies, the additional effect of ''propagation reduction'' induced by autotoxicity on vegetation dynamics is obtained. By combining linearised analysis, simulations, and continuation, we investigate the formation of spatial patterns. Thanks to the cross-diffusion term, for the first time, a spatial model based solely on biomass-toxicity feedback without explicit water dynamics supports the formation of stable (Turing) vegetation patterns for a wide range of parameter values.

math.DS↗

arXiv2024

Far-from-equilibrium travelling pulses in sloped semi-arid environments driven by autotoxicity effects

In this work, an extension of the 1D Klausmeier model that accounts for the toxicity compounds is considered and the occurrence of travelling stripes is investigated. Numerical simulations are firstly conducted to capture the qualitative behaviours of the pulse-type solutions and, then, geometric singular perturbation theory is used to prove the existence of such travelling pulses by constructing the corresponding homoclinic orbits in the associated 4-dimensional system. A scaling analysis on the investigated model is performed to identify the asymptotic scaling regime in which travelling pulses can be constructed. Biological observations are extracted from the analytical results and the role of autotoxicity in travelling patterns is emphasized. Finally, the analytically constructed solutions are compared with the numerical ones, leading to a good agreement that confirms the validity of the conducted analysis. Numerical investigations are also carried out in order to gain additional information on vegetation dynamics.

math.DS↗

arXiv2023

Travelling pulses on three spatial scales in a Klausmeier-type vegetation-autotoxicity model

Reaction-diffusion models describing interactions between vegetation and water reveal the emergence of several types of patterns and travelling wave solutions corresponding to structures observed in real-life. Increasing their accuracy by also considering the ecological factor known as autotoxicity has lead to more involved models supporting the existence of complex dynamic patterns. In this work, we include an additional carrying capacity for the biomass in a Klausmeier-type vegetation-water-autotoxicity model, which induces the presence of two asymptotically small parameters: $\varepsilon$, representing the usual scale separation in vegetation-water models, and $δ$, directly linked to autotoxicity. We construct three separate types of homoclinic travelling pulse solutions based on two different scaling regimes involving $\varepsilon$ and $δ$, with and without a so-called superslow plateau. The relative ordering of the small parameters significantly influences the phase space geometry underlying the construction of the pulse solutions. We complement the analysis by numerical continuation of the constructed pulse solutions, and demonstrate their existence (and stability) by direct numerical simulation of the full PDE model.

math.DS↗

arXiv2022

Canards in a bottleneck

In this paper we investigate the stationary profiles of a nonlinear Fokker-Planck equation with small diffusion and nonlinear in- and outflow boundary conditions. We consider corridors with a bottleneck whose width has a global nondegenerate minimum in the interior. In the small diffusion limit the profiles are obtained constructively by using methods from geometric singular perturbation theory (GSPT). We identify three main types of profiles corresponding to: (i) high density in the domain and a boundary layer at the entrance, (ii) low density in the domain and a boundary layer at the exit, and (iii) transitions from high density to low density inside the bottleneck with boundary layers at the entrance and exit. Interestingly, solutions of the last type involve canard solutions generated at the narrowest point of the bottleneck. We obtain a detailed bifurcation diagram of these solutions in terms of the in- and outflow rates. The analytic results based on GSPT are further corroborated by computational experiments investigating corridors with bottlenecks of variable width.

math.DS↗

arXiv2022

Single-spike solutions to the 1D shadow Gierer-Meinhardt problem

A fundamental example of reaction-diffusion system exhibiting Turing type pattern formation is the Gierer-Meinhardt system, which reduces to the shadow Gierer-Meinhardt problem in a suitable singular limit. Thanks to its applicability in a large range of biological applications, this singularly perturbed problem has been widely studied in the last few decades via rigorous, asymptotic, and numerical methods. However, standard matched asymptotics methods do not apply (Ni 1998, Wei 1998), and therefore analytical expressions for single spike solutions are generally lacking. By introducing an ansatz based on generalized hyperbolic functions, we determine exact radially symmetric solutions to the one-dimensional shadow Gierer-Meinhardt problem for any $1 < p < \infty$, representing both inner and boundary spike solutions depending on the location of the peak. Our approach not only confirms numerical results existing in literature, but also provides guidance for tackling extensions of the shadow Gierer-Meinhardt problem based on different boundary conditions (e.g. mixed) and/or $n$-dimensional domains.

math.CA↗

arXiv2021

A General View on Double Limits in Differential Equations

In this paper, we review several results from singularly perturbed differential equations with multiple small parameters. In addition, we develop a general conceptual framework to compare and contrast the different results by proposing a three-step process. First, one specifies the setting and restrictions of the differential equation problem to be studied and identifies the relevant small parameters. Second, one defines a notion of equivalence via a property/observable for partitioning the parameter space into suitable regions near the singular limit. Third, one studies the possible asymptotic singular limit problems as well as perturbation results to complete the diagrammatic subdivision process. We illustrate this approach for two simple problems from algebra and analysis. Then we proceed to the review of several modern double-limit problems including multiple time scales, stochastic dynamics, spatial patterns, and network coupling. For each example, we illustrate the previously mentioned three-step process and show that already double-limit parametric diagrams provide an excellent unifying theme. After this review, we compare and contrast the common features among the different examples. We conclude with a brief outlook, how our methodology can help to systematize the field better, and how it can be transferred to a wide variety of other classes of differential equations.

math.DS↗

arXiv2020

A PDE model for unidirectional flows: stationary profiles and asymptotic behaviour

In this paper, we investigate the stationary profiles of a convection-diffusion model for unidirectional pedestrian flows in domains with a single entrance and exit. The inflow and outflow conditions at both the entrance and exit as well as the shape of the domain have a strong influence on the structure of stationary profiles, in particular on the formation of boundary layers. We are able to relate the location and shape of these layers to the inflow and outflow conditions as well as the shape of the domain using geometric singular perturbation theory. Furthermore, we confirm and exemplify our analytical results by means of computational experiments.

math.AP↗

arXiv2019

Modeling competitive interactions and plant-soil feedback in vegetation dynamics

Plant-soil feedback is recognized as a causal mechanism for the emergence of vegetation patterns of the same species especially when water is not a limiting resource (e.g. humid environments). Nevertheless, in the field, plants rarely grow in monoculture but compete with other plant species. In these cases, plant-soil feedback was shown to play a key role in plant-species coexistence. Using a mathematical model consisting of four PDEs, we investigate mechanisms of inter- and intra-specific plant-soil feedback on the coexistence of two competing plant species. In particular, the model takes into account both negative and positive feedback influencing the growth of the same and the other plant species. Both the coexistence of the plant species and the dominance of a particular plant species is examined with respect to all model parameters together with the emergence of spatial vegetation patterns.

q-bio.PE↗

arXiv2019

Singular perturbation analysis of a regularized MEMS model

Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) are defined as very small structures that combine electrical and mechanical components on a common substrate. Here, the electrostatic-elastic case is considered, where an elastic membrane is allowed to deflect above a ground plate under the action of an electric potential, whose strength is proportional to a parameter $λ$. Such devices are commonly described by a parabolic partial differential equation that contains a singular nonlinear source term. The singularity in that term corresponds to the so-called "touchdown" phenomenon, where the membrane establishes contact with the ground plate. Touchdown is known to imply the non-existence of steady state solutions and blow-up of solutions in finite time. We study a recently proposed extension of that canonical model, where such singularities are avoided due to the introduction of a regularizing term involving a small "regularization" parameter $\varepsilon$. Methods from dynamical systems and geometric singular perturbation theory, in particular the desingularization technique known as "blow-up", allow for a precise description of steady-state solutions of the regularized model, as well as for a detailed resolution of the resulting bifurcation diagram. The interplay between the two main model parameters $\varepsilon$ and $λ$ is emphasized; in particular, the focus is on the singular limit as both parameters tend to zero.

math.DS↗

arXiv2017

Long-time behavior of a nonlocal Cahn-Hilliard equation with reaction

In this paper we study the long-time behavior of a nonlocal Cahn-Hilliard system with singular potential, degenerate mobility, and a reaction term. In particular, we prove the existence of a global attractor with finite fractal dimension, the existence of an exponential attractor, and convergence to equilibria for two physically relevant classes of reaction terms.

math.AP↗

arXiv2017

Geometry and numerical continuation of multiscale orbits in a nonconvex variational problem

We investigate a singularly perturbed, non-convex variational problem arising in materials science with a combination of geometrical and numerical methods. Our starting point is a work by Stefan Müller, where it is proven that the solutions of the variational problem are periodic and exhibit a complicated multi-scale structure. In order to get more insight into the rich solution structure, we transform the corresponding Euler-Lagrange equation into a Hamiltonian system of first order ODEs and then use geometric singular perturbation theory to study its periodic solutions. Based on the geometric analysis we construct an initial periodic orbit to start numerical continuation of periodic orbits with respect to the key parameters. This allows us to observe the influence of the parameters on the behavior of the orbits and to study their interplay in the minimization process. Our results confirm previous analytical results such as the asymptotics of the period of minimizers predicted by Müller. Furthermore, we find several new structures in the entire space of admissible periodic orbits.

math.DS↗