Searcharxiv⌕ Search

arXiv subjects

Antonela Monachesi

Publications and source records attributed to Antonela Monachesi.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

Origins of the Evil Eye: M64's Stellar Halo Reveals the Recent Accretion of an SMC-mass Satellite

M64, often called the "Evil Eye" galaxy, is unique among local galaxies. Beyond its dramatic, dusty nucleus, it also hosts an outer gas disk that counter-rotates relative to its stars. The mass of this outer disk is comparable to the gas content of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), prompting the idea that it was likely accreted in a recent minor merger. Yet, detailed follow-up studies of M64's outer disk have shown no evidence of such an event, leading to other interpretations, such as a "flyby" interaction with the distant diffuse satellite Coma P. We present Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam observations of M64's stellar halo, which resolve its stellar populations and reveal a spectacular radial shell feature, oriented $\sim$30$^{\circ}$ relative to the major axis and along the rotation axis of the outer gas disk. The shell is $\sim$45 kpc southeast of M64, while a similar but more diffuse plume to the northwest extends to $>$100 kpc. We estimate a stellar mass and metallicity for the southern shell of $M_{\star} {=} 1.80~{\pm}~0.54{\times}10^8~M_{\odot}$ and [M/H] $=$ $-$1.0, respectively, and a similar mass of $1.42~{\pm}~0.71{\times}10^8 M_{\odot}$ for the northern plume. Taking into account the accreted material in M64's inner disk, we estimate a total stellar mass for the progenitor satellite of $M_{\rm \star,prog}~{\simeq}~5{\times}10^8~M_{\odot}$. These results suggest that M64 is in the final stages of a minor merger with a gas-rich satellite strikingly similar to the SMC, in which M64's accreted counter-rotating gas originated, and which is responsible for the formation of its dusty inner star-forming disk.

astro-ph.GA↗

Saying Hallo to M94's Stellar Halo: Investigating the Accretion History of the Largest Pseudobulge Host in the Local Universe

It is not yet settled how the combination of secular processes and merging gives rise to the bulges and pseudobulges of galaxies. The nearby ($D\sim$ 4.2 Mpc) disk galaxy M94 (NGC 4736) has the largest pseudobulge in the local universe, and offers a unique opportunity for investigating the role of merging in the formation of its pseudobulge. We present a first ever look at M94's stellar halo, which we expect to contain a fossil record of M94's past mergers. Using Subaru's Hyper Suprime-Cam, we resolve and identify red giant branch (RGB) stars in M94's halo, finding two distinct populations. After correcting for completeness through artificial star tests, we can measure the radial profile of each RGB population. The metal-rich RGB stars show an unbroken exponential profile to a radius of 30 kpc that is a clear continuation of M94's outer disk. M94's metal poor stellar halo is detectable over a wider area and clearly separates from its metal-rich disk. By integrating the halo density profile, we infer a total accreted stellar mass of $\sim 2.8 \times 10^8 M_\odot$, with a median metallicity of [M/H] $=-$1.4. This indicates that M94's most-massive past merger was with a galaxy similar to, or less massive than, the Small Magellanic Cloud. Few nearby galaxies have had such a low-mass dominant merger; therefore we suggest that M94's pseudobulge was not significantly impacted by merging.

astro-ph.GA↗

Ultrafaint Dwarf Galaxy Candidates in the M81 Group: Signatures of Group Accretion

The faint and ultrafaint dwarf galaxies in the Local Group form the observational bedrock upon which our understanding of small-scale cosmology rests. In order to understand whether this insight generalizes, it is imperative to use resolved-star techniques to discover similarly faint satellites in nearby galaxy groups. We describe our search for ultrafaint galaxies in the M81 group using deep ground-based resolved-star data sets from Subaru's Hyper Suprime-Cam. We present one new ultrafaint dwarf galaxy in the M81 group and identify five additional extremely low surface brightness candidate ultrafaint dwarfs that reach deep into the ultrafaint regime to $M_V \sim -6$ (similar to current limits for Andromeda satellites). These candidates' luminosities and sizes are similar to known Local Group dwarf galaxies Tucana B, Canes Venatici I, Hercules, and Boötes I. Most of these candidates are likely to be real, based on tests of our techniques on blank fields. Intriguingly, all of these candidates are spatially clustered around NGC 3077, which is itself an M81 group satellite in an advanced state of tidal disruption. This is somewhat surprising, as M81 itself and its largest satellite M82 are both substantially more massive than NGC 3077 and by virtue of their greater masses, would have been expected to host as many or more ultrafaint candidates. These results lend considerable support to the idea that satellites of satellites are an important contribution to the growth of satellite populations around Milky Way-mass galaxies.

astro-ph.GA↗

WiNDS: An H$α$ kinematics survey of nearby spiral galaxies -- Vertical perturbations in nearby disk-type galaxies

We present the Waves in Nearby Disk galaxies Survey (WiNDS) consisting of 40 nearby low inclination disk galaxies observed through H$α$ high-resolution Fabry Perot interferometry. WiNDS consists of 12 new galaxy observations and 28 data archived observations obtained from different galaxy surveys. We derive two-dimensional line-of-sight velocity fields that are analyzed to identify the possible presence of vertical velocity flows in the galactic disks of these low-inclination late-type galaxies using velocity residual maps, derived from the subtraction of an axisymmetric rotation model to rotational velocity map. Large and globally coherent flows in the line-of-sight velocity of nearly face-on galaxies can be associated with large vertical displacement of the disk with respect to its mid-plane. Our goal is to characterize how frequent vertical perturbations, such as those observed in the Milky Way, arise in the Local Universe. Our currently available data have allowed us to identify 20$\%$ of WiNDS galaxies with strong velocity perturbations that are consistent with vertically perturbed galactic disks.

astro-ph.GA↗

New Globular Cluster Candidates in the M81 group

The study of outer halo globular cluster (GC) populations can give insight into galaxy merging, globular cluster accretion and the origin of GCs. We use archival Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) data in concert with space-based GALEX, IRAC and Gaia EDR3 data to select candidate Globular clusters (GCs) in the outer halo of the M81 group for confirmation and future study. We use a small sample of previously-discovered GCs to tune our selection criteria, finding that bright already-known GCs in the M81 group have sizes that are typically slightly larger than the Subaru PSF in our fields. In the optical bands, GCs appear to have colours that are only slightly different from stars. The inclusion of archival IRAC data yields dramatic improvements in colour separation, as the long wavelength baseline aids somewhat in the separation from stars and clearly separates GCs from many compact background galaxies. We show that some previously spectroscopically-identified GCs in the M81 group are instead foreground stars or background galaxies. GCs close to M82 have radial velocities suggesting that they fell into the M81 group along with M82. The overall M81 GC luminosity function is similar to the Milky Way and M31. M81's outer halo GCs are similar to the Milky Way in their metallicities and numbers, and much less numerous than M31's more metal-rich outer halo GC population. These properties reflect differences in the three galaxies' merger histories, highlighting the possibility of using outer halo GCs to trace merger history in larger samples of galaxies.

astro-ph.GA↗

Linking the brightest stellar streams with the accretion history of Milky Way-like galaxies

According to the current galaxy formation paradigm, mergers and interactions play an important role in shaping present-day galaxies. The remnants of this merger activity can be used to constrain galaxy formation models. In this work we use a sample of thirty hydrodynamical simulations of Milky Way-mass halos, from the AURIGA project, to generate surface brightness maps and search for the brightest stream in each halo as a function of varying limiting magnitude. We find that none of the models shows signatures of stellar streams at $μ_{r}^{lim} \leq 25$ mag arcsec$^{-2}$. The stream detection increases significantly between 27 and 28 mag arcsec$^{-2}$. Nevertheless, even at 30 mag arcsec$^{-2}$, 13 percent of our models show no detectable streams. We study the properties of the brightest streams progenitors (BSPs). We find that BSPs are accreted within a broad range of infall times, from 1.6 to 10 Gyr ago, with only 25 percent accreted within the last 5 Gyrs; thus most BSPs correspond to relatively early accretion events. We also find that 37 percent of the BSPs survive to the present day. The median infall times for surviving and disrupted BSPs are 5.6 and 6.7 Gyr, respectively. We find a clear relation between infall time and infall mass of the BSPs, such that more massive progenitors tend to be accreted at later times. However, we find that the BSPs are not, in most cases, the dominant contributor to the accreted stellar halo of each galaxy.

astro-ph.GA↗

Kinematical Analysis of Substructure in the Southern Periphery of the Large Magellanic Cloud

We report the first 3-D kinematical measurements of 88 stars in the direction of several recently discovered substructures in the southern periphery of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) using a combination of Gaia proper motions and radial velocities from the APOGEE-2 survey. More specifically, we explore stars lie in assorted APOGEE-2 pointings in a region of the LMC periphery where various overdensities of stars have previously been identified in maps of stars from Gaia and DECam. By using a model of the LMC disk rotation, we find that a sizeable fraction of the APOGEE-2 stars have extreme space velocities that are distinct from, and not a simple extension of, the LMC disk. Using N-body hydrodynamical simulations of the past dynamical evolution and interaction of the LMC and Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), we explore whether the extreme velocity stars may be accounted for as tidal debris created in the course of that interaction. We conclude that the combination of LMC and SMC debris produced from their interaction is a promising explanation, although we cannot rule out other possible origins, and that these new data should be used to constrain future simulations of the LMC-SMC interaction. We also conclude that many of the stars in the southern periphery of the LMC lie out of the LMC plane by several kpc. Given that the metallicity of these stars suggest they are likely of Magellanic origin, our results suggest that a wider exploration of the past interaction history of the Magellanic Clouds is needed.

astro-ph.GA↗

High and low Sérsic index bulges in Milky Way- and M31-like galaxies: origin and connection to the bar with TNG50

We study bulge formation in MW/M31-like galaxies in a $Λ$-cold dark matter scenario, focusing on the origin of high- and low-Sersic index bulges. For this purpose we use TNG50, a simulation of the IllustrisTNG project that combines a resolution of $\sim 8 \times 10^4 M_{\odot}$ in stellar particles with a cosmological volume 52 cMpc in extent. We parametrize bulge surface brightness profiles by the Sérsic index and the bulge-to-total (B/T) ratio obtained from two-component photometric decompositions. In our sample of 287 MW/M31-like simulated galaxies, $17.1\%$ of photometric bulges exhibit high-Sérsic indices and $82.9\%$ show low-Sérsic indices. We study the impact that the environment, mergers and bars have in shaping the surface brightness profiles. We explore two different definitions for local environment and find no correlation between bulge properties and the environment where they reside. Simulated galaxies with higher Sérsic indices show, on average, a higher fraction of ex-situ stars in their kinematically selected bulges. For this bulge population the last significant merger (total mass ratio $m_{\rm sat}/m_{\rm host} > 0.1$) occurs, on average, at later times. However, a substantial fraction of low-Sérsic index bulges also experience a late significant merger. We find that bars play an important role in the development of the different types of photometric bulges. We show that the fraction of simulated galaxies with strong bars is smaller for the high- than for the low-Sérsic index population, reaching differences of $20\%$ at $z > 1$. Simulated galaxies with high fractions of ex-situ stars in the bulge do not develop strong bars. Conversely, simulated galaxies with long-lived strong bars have bulges with ex-situ fractions, $f_{\rm ex-situ} < 0.2$.

astro-ph.GA↗

Final Targeting Strategy for the SDSS-IV APOGEE-2S Survey

APOGEE is a high-resolution (R sim 22,000), near-infrared, multi-epoch, spectroscopic survey of the Milky Way. The second generation of the APOGEE project, APOGEE-2, includes an expansion of the survey to the Southern Hemisphere called APOGEE-2S. This expansion enabled APOGEE to perform a fully panoramic mapping of all the main regions of the Milky Way; in particular, by operating in the H-band, APOGEE is uniquely able to probe the dust-hidden inner regions of the Milky Way that are best accessed from the Southern Hemisphere. In this paper we present the targeting strategy of APOGEE-2S, with special attention to documenting modifications to the original, previously published plan. The motivation for these changes is explained as well as an assessment of their effectiveness in achieving their intended scientific objective. In anticipation of this being the last paper detailing APOGEE targeting, we present an accounting of all such information complete through the end of the APOGEE-2S project; this includes several main survey programs dedicated to exploration of major stellar populations and regions of the Milky Way, as well as a full list of programs contributing to the APOGEE database through allocations of observing time by the Chilean National Time Allocation Committee (CNTAC) and the Carnegie Institution for Science (CIS). This work was presented along with a companion article, R. Beaton et al. (submitted; AAS29028), presenting the final target selection strategy adopted for APOGEE-2 in the Northern Hemisphere.

astro-ph.GA↗

CAPOS: The bulge Cluster APOgee Survey I. Overview and initial ASPCAP results

Context. Bulge globular clusters (BGCs) are exceptional tracers of the formation and chemodynamical evolution of this oldest Galactic component. However, until now, observational difficulties have prevented us from taking full advantage of these powerful Galactic archeological tools. Aims. CAPOS, the bulge Cluster APOgee Survey, addresses this key topic by observing a large number of BGCs, most of which have only been poorly studied previously. Even their most basic parameters, such as metallicity, [α/Fe], and radial velocity, are generally very uncertain. We aim to obtain accurate mean values for these parameters, as well as abundances for a number of other elements, and explore multiple populations. In this first paper, we describe the CAPOS project and present initial results for seven BGCs. Methods. CAPOS uses the APOGEE-2S spectrograph observing in the H band to penetrate obscuring dust toward the bulge. For this initial paper, we use abundances derived from ASPCAP, the APOGEE pipeline. Results. We derive mean [Fe/H] values of $-$0.85$\pm$0.04 (Terzan 2), $-$1.40$\pm$0.05 (Terzan 4), $-$1.20$\pm$0.10 (HP 1), $-$1.40$\pm$0.07 (Terzan 9), $-$1.07$\pm$0.09 (Djorg 2), $-$1.06$\pm$0.06 (NGC 6540), and $-$1.11$\pm$0.04 (NGC 6642) from three to ten stars per cluster. We determine mean abundances for eleven other elements plus the mean [$α$/Fe] and radial velocity. CAPOS clusters significantly increase the sample of well-studied Main Bulge globular clusters (GCs) and also extend them to lower metallicity. We reinforce the finding that Main Bulge and Main Disk GCs, formed in situ, have [Si/Fe] abundances slightly higher than their accreted counterparts at the same metallicity. We investigate multiple populations and find our clusters generally follow the light-element (anti)correlation trends of previous studies of GCs of similar metallicity. We finally explore the abundances ...

astro-ph.GA↗

The Second Data Release of the Survey of the MAgellanic Stellar History (SMASH)

The Large and Small Magellanic Clouds (LMC and SMC) are the largest satellite galaxies of the Milky Way and close enough to allow for a detailed exploration of their structure and formation history. The Survey of the MAgellanic Stellar History (SMASH) is a community Dark Energy Camera (DECam) survey of the Magellanic Clouds using $\sim$50 nights to sample over $\sim$2400 deg$^2$ centered on the Clouds at $\sim$20% filling factor (but with contiguous coverage in the central regions) and to depths of $\sim$24th mag in $ugriz$. The primary goals of SMASH are to map out the extended stellar peripheries of the Clouds and uncover their complicated interaction and accretion history as well as to derive spatially-resolved star formation histories of the central regions and create a "movie" of their past star formation. Here we announce the second SMASH public data release (DR2), which contains all 197 fully-calibrated DECam fields including the main body fields in the central regions. The DR2 data are available through the Astro Data Lab hosted by the NSF's National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory. We highlight three science cases that make use of the SMASH DR2 data and will be published in the future: (1) preliminary star formation histories of the LMC; (2) the search for Magellanic star clusters using citizen scientists; and, (3) photometric metallicities of Magellanic Cloud stars using the DECam $u$-band.

astro-ph.GA↗

A tidally induced global corrugation pattern in an external disc galaxy similar to the Milky Way

We study the two dimensional (2D) line-of-sight velocity ($V_{\rm los}$) field of the low-inclination, late-type galaxy VV304a. The resulting 2D kinematic map reveals a global, coherent and extended perturbation that is likely associated with a recent interaction with the massive companion VV304b. We use multi-band imaging and a suite of test particle simulations to quantify the plausible strength of in-plane flows due to non-axisymmetric perturbations and show that the observed velocity flows are much too large to be driven either by spiral structure nor by a bar. We use fully cosmological hydrodynamical simulations to characterize the contribution from in- and off-plane velocity flows to the $V_{\rm los}$ field of recently interacting galaxy pairs like the VV304 system. We show that, for recently perturbed low-inclination galactic discs, the structure of the residual velocity field, after subtraction of an axisymmetric rotation model, can be dominated by vertical flows. Our results indicate that the $V_{\rm los}$ perturbations in VV304a are consistent with a corrugation pattern. Its $V_{\rm los}$ map suggests the presence of a structure similar to the Monoceros ring seen in the Milky Way. Our study highlights the possibility of addressing important questions regarding the nature and origin of vertical perturbations by measuring the line-of-sight velocities in low-inclination nearby galaxies.

astro-ph.GA↗

An environmental dependence of the physical and structural properties in the Hydra Cluster galaxies

The nearby Hydra Cluster ($\sim$50 Mpc) is an ideal laboratory to understand, in detail, the influence of the environment on the morphology and quenching of galaxies in dense environments. We study the Hydra cluster galaxies in the inner regions ($1R_{200}$) of the cluster using data from the Southern Photometric Local Universe Survey (S-PLUS), which uses 12 narrow and broad band filters in the visible region of the spectrum. We analyse structural (Sérsic index, effective radius) and physical (colours, stellar masses and star formation rates) properties. Based on this analysis, we find that $\sim$88 percent of the Hydra cluster galaxies are quenched. Using the Dressler-Schectman test approach, we also find that the cluster shows possible substructures. Our analysis of the phase-space diagram together with DBSCAN algorithm indicates that Hydra shows an additional substructure that appears to be in front of the cluster centre, which is still falling into it. Our results, thus, suggest that the Hydra Cluster might not be relaxed. We analyse the median Sérsic index as a function of wavelength and find that for red ($(u-r)\geq$2.3) and early-type galaxies it displays a slight increase towards redder filters (13 and 18 percent, for red and early-type respectively) whereas for blue+green ($(u-r)$<2.3) galaxies it remains constant. Late-type galaxies show a small decrease of the median Sérsic index toward redder filters. Also, the Sérsic index of galaxies, and thus their structural properties, do not significantly vary as a function of clustercentric distance and density within the cluster; and this is the case regardless of the filter.

astro-ph.GA↗

The Saga of M81: Global View of a Massive Stellar Halo in Formation

Recent work has shown that Milky Way-mass galaxies display an incredible range of stellar halo properties, yet the origin of this diversity is unclear. The nearby galaxy M81 $-$ currently interacting with M82 and NGC 3077 $-$ sheds unique light on this problem. We present a Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam survey of the resolved stellar populations around M81, revealing M81's stellar halo in never-before-seen detail. We resolve the halo to unprecedented $V$-band equivalent surface brightnesses of 33 mag arcsec$^{-2}$, and produce the first-ever global stellar mass density map for a Milky Way-mass stellar halo outside of the Local Group. Using the minor axis, we confirm M81's halo as one of the lowest mass and metal-poorest known ($M_{\star} \simeq 1.16{\times}10^9 M_{\odot}$, [Fe/H] $\simeq {-}1.2$) $-$ indicating a relatively quiet prior accretion history. Yet, our global halo census finds that tidally unbound material from M82 and NGC 3077 provides a substantial infusion of metal-rich material ($M_{\star} \simeq 5.4{\times}10^8$ $M_{\odot}$, [Fe/H] $\simeq {-}$0.9). We further show that, following the accretion of its massive satellite M82 (and the LMC-like NGC 3077), M81 will host one of the most massive and metal-rich stellar halos in the nearby universe. Thus, the saga of M81: following a passive history, M81's merger with M82 will completely transform its halo from a low-mass, anemic halo rivaling the MW, to a metal-rich behemoth rivaled only by systems such as M31. This dramatic transformation indicates that the observed diversity in stellar halo properties is primarily driven by diversity in the largest mergers these galaxies have experienced.

astro-ph.GA↗

A tale of two populations: surviving and destroyed dwarf galaxies and the build up of the Milky Way's stellar halo

We use magneto-hydrodynamical simulations of Milky Way-mass haloes from the Auriga project to examine the properties of surviving and destroyed dwarf galaxies that are accreted by these haloes over cosmic time. We show that the combined luminosity function of surviving and destroyed dwarfs at infall is similar in the various Auriga haloes, and is dominated by the destroyed dwarfs. There is, however, a strong dependence on infall time: destroyed dwarfs have typically early infall times, $t_{infall}<6$ Gyr, whereas the majority of dwarfs accreted at $t_{infall}>10$ Gyr have survived to the present day. Because of their late infall the surviving satellites today had higher metallicites at infall than their destroyed counterparts of similar infall mass; the difference is even more pronounced for the present-day metallicites of satellites, many of which continue to form stars after infall. In agreement with previous work, we find that a small number of relatively massive destroyed dwarf galaxies dominate the mass of the stellar haloes. However, there is a significant radial dependence: while 90 per cent of the mass in the inner regions ($<\,20\,$kpc) is contributed, on average, by only 3 massive progenitors, the outer regions ($>\,100\,$kpc) typically have $\sim8$ main progenitors of relatively lower mass. Finally, we show that a few massive progenitors dominate the metallicity distribution of accreted stars, even at the metal poor end. Contrary to common assumptions in the literature, dwarf galaxies of mass $M_{*}<10^7 \, M_{\odot}$ make up less than 10 per cent of the accreted, metal poor stars ([Fe/H] $<\,-3$) in the inner $50\,$kpc.

astro-ph.GA↗

SMASHing the low surface brightness SMC

The periphery of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) can unlock important information regarding galaxy formation and evolution in interacting systems. Here, we present a detailed study of the extended stellar structure of the SMC using deep colour-magnitude diagrams (CMDs), obtained as part of the Survey of the MAgellanic Stellar History (SMASH). Special care was taken in the decontamination of our data from MW foreground stars, including from foreground globular clusters NGC 362 and 47 Tuc. We derived the SMC surface brightness using a ``conservative'' approach from which we calculated the general parameters of the SMC, finding a staggered surface brightness profile. We also traced the fainter outskirts by constructing a stellar density profile. This approach, based on stellar counts of the oldest main sequence turn-off (MSTO) stars, uncovered a tidally disrupted stellar feature that reaches as far out as 12 degrees from the SMC centre. We also serendipitously found a faint feature of unknown origin located at $\sim 14$ degrees from the centre of the SMC and that we tentatively associated to a more distant structure. We compared our results to in-house simulations of a $1\times10^{9} M_\odot$ SMC, finding that its elliptical shape can be explained by its tidal disruption under the combined presence of the MW and the LMC. Finally, we found that the older stellar populations show a smooth profile while the younger component presents a jump in the density followed by a flat profile, confirming the heavily disturbed nature of the SMC.

astro-ph.GA↗

Is NGC 300 a pure exponential disk galaxy?

NGC 300 is a low-mass disk galaxy in the Sculptor group. In the literature, it has been identified as a pure exponential disk galaxy, as its luminosity profile could be well fitted with a single exponential law over many disk scale lengths (Type I). We investigate the stellar luminosity distribution of NGC 300 using $Hubble$ $Space$ $Telescope$ (HST) archive data, reaching farther and deeper than any other previous studies. Color magnitude diagrams show a significant population of old red giant branch (RGB) stars in all fields out to $R\sim19$ kpc ($32'$), as well as younger populations in the inner regions. We construct the density profiles of the young, intermediate-aged, and old stellar populations. We find two clear breaks in the density profiles of the old RGB and intermediate-aged stars: one down-bending (Type II) at $R\sim5.9$ kpc, and another up-bending (Type III) at $R\sim8.3$ kpc. Moreover, the old RGB stars exhibit a negative radial color gradient with an up-bending at $R\sim8$~kpc, beyond which the stellar populations are uniformly old ($>$7~Gyr) and metal-poor ($\rm[Fe/H] = -1.6^{+0.2}_{-0.4}$ dex). The outer stellar component at $R\gtrapprox8$ kpc is, therefore, well separated from the inner disk in terms of the stellar density and stellar populations. While our results cast doubt on the currently established wisdom that NGC\,300 is a pure exponential disk galaxy, a more detailed survey should be carried out to identify the outskirts as either a disk or a stellar halo.

astro-ph.GA↗

Tracing the anemic stellar halo of M101

Models of galaxy formation in a cosmological context predict that massive disk galaxies should have structured extended stellar halos. Recent studies in integrated light, however, report a few galaxies, including the nearby disk galaxy M101, that have no measurable stellar halos to the detection limit. We aim to quantify the stellar content and structure of M101's outskirts by resolving its stars. We present the photometry of its stars based on deep F606W and F814W images taken with Hubble Space Telescope as part of the GHOSTS survey. The constructed CMDs of stars reach down to two magnitudes below the tip of the red giant branch. We derived radial number density profiles of the bright red giant branch (RGB) stars. The mean color of the RGB stars at $R \sim$ 40 -- 60 kpc is similar to those of metal-poor globular clusters in the Milky Way. We also derived radial surface brightness profiles using the public image data provided by the Dragonfly team. Both the radial number density and surface brightness profiles were converted to radial mass density profiles and combined. We find that the mass density profiles show a weak upturn at the very outer region, where surface brightness is as faint as $μ_g\approx 34$ mag arcsec$^{-1}$. An exponential disk + power-law halo model on the mass density profiles finds the total stellar halo mass of $M_{halo}=8.2_{-2.2}^{+3.5}\times 10^7M_\odot$. The total stellar halo mass does not exceed $M_{halo} = 3.2 \times 10^8$ $M_{\odot}$ when strongly truncated disk models are considered. Combining the halo mass with the total stellar mass of M101, we obtain the stellar halo mass fraction of $M_{halo}/M_{gal} = 0.20_{-0.08}^{+0.10}\%$ with an upper limit of 0.78\%. We compare the halo properties of M101 with those of six GHOSTS survey galaxies as well as the Milky Way and M31 and find that M101 has an anemic stellar halo.

astro-ph.GA↗