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Antonino Di Piazza

Publications and source records attributed to Antonino Di Piazza.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

Radiation Reaction Enhancement in Flying Focus Pulses

Radiation reaction (RR) is the oldest still-unsolved problem in electrodynamics. In addition to conceptual difficulties in its theoretical formulation, the requirement of exceedingly large charge accelerations has thus far prevented its unambiguous experimental identification. Here, we show how measurable RR effects in a laser-electron interaction can be achieved through the use of flying focus pulses (FFPs). By allowing the focus to counterpropagate with respect to the pulse phase velocity, a FFP overcomes the intrinsic limitation of a conventional laser Gaussian pulse (GP) that limits its focus to a Rayleigh range. For an electron initially also counterpropagating with respect to the pulse phase velocity, an extended interaction length with the laser peak intensity is achieved in a FFP. As a result, the same RR deceleration factors are obtained, but at FFP laser powers orders of magnitude lower than for ultrashort GPs with the same energy. This renders the proposed setup much more stable than those using GPs and allows for more accurate \emph{in situ} diagnostics. Using the Landau-Lifshitz equation of motion, we show numerically and analytically that the capability of emerging laser systems to deliver focused FFPs will allow for a clear experimental identification of RR.

hep-ph↗

Collisional strong-field QED kinetic equations from first principles

Starting from nonequilibrium quantum field theory on a closed time path, we derive kinetic equations for the strong-field regime of quantum electrodynamics (QED) using a systematic expansion in the gauge coupling $e$. The strong field regime is characterized by a large photon field of order $\mathcal{O}(1/e)$, which is relevant for the description of, e.g., intense laser fields, the initial stages of off-central heavy ion collisions, and condensed matter systems with net fermion number. The strong field enters the dynamical equations via both quantum Vlasov and collision terms, which we derive to order $\mathcal{O}(e^2)$. The kinetic equations feature generalized scattering amplitudes that have their own equation of motion in terms of the fermion spectral function. The description includes single photon emission, electron-positron pair photoproduction, vacuum (Schwinger) pair production, their inverse processes, medium effects and contributions from the field, which are not restricted to the so-called locally-constant crossed field approximation. This extends known kinetic equations commonly used in strong-field QED of intense laser fields. In particular, we derive an expression for the asymptotic fermion pair number that includes leading-order collisions and remains valid for strongly inhomogeneous fields. For the purpose of analytically highlighting limiting cases, we also consider plane-wave fields for which it is shown how to recover Furry-picture scattering amplitudes by further assuming negligible occupations. Known on-shell descriptions are recovered in the case of simply peaked ultrarelativistic fermion occupations. Collisional strong-field equations are necessary to describe the dynamics to thermal equilibrium starting from strong-field initial conditions.

hep-ph↗

Transmutation of protons in a strong electromagnetic field

The process of turning a proton into a neutron, positron and electron-neutrino in a strong plane-wave electromagnetic field is studied. This process is forbidden in vacuum and is seen to feature an exponential suppression factor which is non-perturbative in the field amplitude. The suppression is alleviated when the proton experiences a field strength of about ten times the Schwinger critical field in its rest frame or larger. Around this threshold the lifetime of the proton, in its rest frame, is comparable to the conventional neutron decay lifetime. As the field strength is increased, the proton lifetime becomes increasingly short. We investigate possible scenarios where this process may be observed in the laboratory using an ultra-intense laser and a high-energy proton beam with the conclusion, however, that it would be very challenging to observe this effect in the near future.

hep-ph↗

Complete treatment of single-photon emission in planar channeling

Approximate solutions of the Dirac equation are found for ultrarelativistic particles moving in a periodic potential, which depends only on one coordinate, transverse to the largest component of the momentum of the incoming particle. As an example we employ these solutions to calculate the radiation emission of positrons and electrons trapped in the planar potential found between the (110) planes in Silicon. This allows us to compare with the semi-classical method of Baier, Katkov and Strakhovenko, which includes the effect of spin and photon recoil, but neglects the quantization of the transverse motion. For high-energy electrons, the high-energy part of the angularly integrated photon energy spectrum calculated with the found wave functions differs from the corresponding one calculated with the semi-classical method. However, for lower particle energies it is found that the angularly integrated emission energy spectra obtained via the semi-classical method is in fairly good agreement with the full quantum calculation except that the positions of the harmonic peaks in photon energy and the photon emission angles are shifted.

hep-ph↗

The impact of the quantized transverse motion on radiation emission in a Dirac harmonic oscillator

We investigate the radiation emitted by an ultrarelativistic electron traveling in a 1-dimensional parabolic potential. Having in mind a simplified model for beamstrahlung, we consider the realistic case of the electron motion being highly directional, with the transverse momentum being much smaller than the longitudinal one. In this case we can find solutions of the Dirac equation and we calculate exactly the radiation emission using first-order perturbation theory. We compare the results obtained to that obtained via the semi-classical method of Baier and Katkov which includes quantum effects due to photon recoil in the radiation emission but ignores the quantum nature of the electron motion. On the one hand, we confirm a prediction of the semi-classical method that the emission spectrum should coincide with that in the case of a linearly polarized monochromatic wave. On the other hand, however, we find that the semi-classical method does not yield the exact result when the quantum number describing the transverse motion becomes small. In this way, we address quantitatively the problem of the limits of validity of the semi-classical method, which is known, generally speaking, to be applicable for large quantum numbers. Finally, we also discuss which beam conditions would be necessary to enter the studied regime where also the motion of the particles must be considered quantum mechanically to yield the correct spectrum.

hep-ph↗

High-Energy Vacuum Birefringence and Dichroism in an Ultrastrong Laser Field

A long-standing prediction of quantum electrodynamics, yet to be experimentally observed, is the interaction between real photons in vacuum. As a consequence of this interaction, the vacuum is expected to become birefringent and dichroic if a strong laser field polarizes its virtual particle--antiparticle dipoles. Here, we derive how a generally polarized probe photon beam is influenced by both vacuum birefringence and dichroism in a strong linearly polarized plane-wave laser field. Furthermore, we consider an experimental scheme to measure these effects in the nonperturbative high-energy regime, where the Euler-Heisenberg approximation breaks down. By employing circularly polarized high-energy probe photons, as opposed to the conventionally considered linearly polarized ones, the feasibility of quantitatively confirming the prediction of nonlinear QED for vacuum birefringence at the $5σ$ confidence level on the time scale of a few days is demonstrated for upcoming 10 PW laser systems. Finally, dichroism and anomalous dispersion in vacuum are shown to be accessible at these facilities.

hep-ph↗

Laser-pulse-shape control of seeded QED cascades

QED cascades are complex avalanche processes of hard photon emission and electron-positron pair creation driven by ultra-strong electromagnetic fields. They play a fundamental role in astrophysical environments such as a pulsars' magnetosphere, rendering an earth-based implementation with intense lasers attractive. In the literature, QED cascades were also predicted to limit the attainable intensity in a set-up of colliding laser beams in a tenuous gas such as the residual gas of a vacuum chamber, therefore severely hindering experiments at extreme field intensities. Here, we demonstrate that the onset of QED cascades may be either prevented even at intensities around $10^{26}\text{ W/cm$^{2}$}$ with tightly focused laser pulses and low-$Z$ gases, or facilitated at intensities below $10^{24}\text{ W/cm$^{2}$}$ with enlarged laser focal areas or high-$Z$ gases. These findings pave the way for the control of novel experiments such as the generation of pure electron-positron-photon plasmas from laser energy, and for probing QED in the extreme-intensity regime where the quantum vacuum becomes unstable.

physics.plasm-ph↗

Experimental Evidence of Quantum Radiation Reaction in Aligned Crystals

Radiation reaction is the influence of the electromagnetic field emitted by a charged particle on the dynamics of the particle itself. Here we report experimental radiation emission spectra from ultrarelativistic positrons in silicon in a regime where both quantum and radiation-reaction effects dominate the dynamics of the positrons. We found that each positron emits multiple photons with energy comparable to its own energy, revealing the importance of quantum photon recoil. Moreover, the shape of the emission spectra indicates that photon emissions occur in a nonlinear regime where positrons absorb several quanta from the crystal field. Our theoretical analysis shows that only a full quantum theory of radiation reaction is capable of explaining the experimental results, with radiation-reaction effects arising from the recoils undergone by the positrons during multiple photon emissions. This experiment is the first fundamental test of quantum electrodynamics in a new regime where the dynamics of charged particles is determined not only by the external electromagnetic fields but also by the radiation-field generated by the charges themselves. Future experiments carried out in the same line will be able to, in principle, also shed light on the fundamental question about the structure of the electromagnetic field close to elementary charges.

hep-ex↗

Semiclassical picture for electron-positron photoproduction in strong laser fields

The nonlinear Breit-Wheeler process is studied in the presence of strong and short laser pulses. We show that for a relativistically intense plane-wave laser field many features of the momentum distribution of the produced electron-positron pair like its extension, region of highest probability and carrier-envelope phase effects can be explained from the classical evolution of the created particles in the background field. To this end an intuitive semiclassical picture based on the local constant-crossed field approximation applied on the probability-amplitude level is established and compared with the standard approach used in QED-PIC codes. The main difference is the substructure of the spectrum, which results from interference effects between macroscopically separated formation regions. In order to compare the predictions of the semiclassical approach with exact calculations, a very fast numerical scheme is introduced. It renders the calculation of the fully differential spectrum on a grid which resolves all interference fringes feasible. Finally, the difference between classical and quantum absorption of laser four-momentum in the process is pointed out and the dominance of the former is proven. As a self-consistent treatment of the quantum absorption is not feasible within existing QED-PIC approaches, our results provide reliable error estimates relevant for regimes where the laser depletion due to a developing QED cascade becomes significant.

hep-ph↗

Nonlinear neutrino-photon interactions inside strong laser pulses

Even though neutrinos are neutral particles and interact only via the exchange of weak gauge bosons, charged leptons and quarks can mediate a coupling to the photon field beyond tree level. Inside a relativistically strong laser field nonlinear effects in the laser amplitude can play an important role, as electrons and positrons interact nonperturbatively with the coherent part of the photon field. Here, we calculate for the first time the leading-order contribution to the axial-vector--vector current-coupling tensor inside an arbitrary plane-wave laser field (which is taken into account exactly by employing the Furry picture). The current-coupling tensor appears in the calculation of various electroweak processes inside strong laser fields like photon emission or trident electron-positron pair production by a neutrino. Moreover, as we will see below, the axial-vector--vector current-coupling tensor contains the Adler-Bell-Jackiw (ABJ) anomaly. This occurrence renders the current-coupling tensor also interesting from a fundamental point of view, as it is the simplest Feynman diagram in an external field featuring this kind of anomaly.

hep-ph↗

High-Energy Recollision Processes of Laser-Generated Electron-Positron Pairs

Two oppositely charged particles created within a microscopic space-time region can be separated, accelerated over a much larger distance, and brought to a recollision by a laser field. Consequently, new reactions become feasible, where the energy absorbed by the particles is efficiently released. By investigating the laser-dressed polarization operator, we identify a new contribution describing high-energy recollisions experienced by an electron-positron pair generated by pure light when a gamma photon impinges on an intense, linearly polarized laser pulse. The energy absorbed in the recollision process over the macroscopic laser wavelength corresponds to a large number of laser photons and can be exploited to prime high-energy reactions. Thus, the recollision contribution to the polarization operator differs qualitatively and quantitatively from the well-known one, describing the annihilation of an electron-positron pair within the microscopic formation region.

hep-ph↗

Polarization operator approach to pair creation in short laser pulses

Short-pulse effects are investigated for the nonlinear Breit-Wheeler process, i.e. the production of an electron-positron pair induced by a gamma photon inside an intense plane-wave laser pulse. To obtain the total pair-creation probability we verify (to leading-order) the cutting rule for the polarization operator in the realm of strong-field QED by an explicit calculation. Using a double-integral representation for the leading-order contribution to the polarization operator, compact expressions for the total pair-creation probability inside an arbitrary plane-wave background field are derived. Correspondingly, the photon wave function including leading-order radiative corrections in the laser field is obtained via the Schwinger-Dyson equation in the quasistatic approximation. Moreover, the influence of the carrier-envelope phase and of the laser pulse shape on the total pair-creation probability in a linearly polarized laser pulse is investigated, and the validity of the (local) constant-crossed field approximation analyzed. It is shown that with presently available technology pair-creation probabilities of the order of ten percent could be reached for a single gamma photon.

hep-ph↗

Electron-beam dynamics in a strong laser field including quantum radiation reaction

The evolution of an electron beam colliding head-on with a strong plane-wave field is investigated in the framework of strong-field QED including radiation-reaction effects due to photon emission. Employing a kinetic approach to describe the electron and the photon distribution it is shown that at a given total laser fluence the final electron distribution depends on the shape of the laser envelope and on the pulse duration, in contrast to the classical predictions of radiation reaction based on the Landau-Lifshitz equation. Finally, it is investigated how the pair-creation process leads to a nonlinear coupled evolution of the electrons in the beam, of the produced charged particles, and of the emitted photons.

hep-ph↗

Electron dynamics controlled via self-interaction

The dynamics of an electron in a strong laser field can be significantly altered by radiation reaction. This usually results in a strongly damped motion, with the electron losing a large fraction of its initial energy. Here we show that the electron dynamics in a bichromatic laser pulse can be indirectly controlled by a comparatively small radiation reaction force through its interplay with the Lorentz force. By changing the relative phase between the two frequency components of the bichromatic laser field, an ultrarelativistic electron bunch colliding head-on with the laser pulse can be deflected in a controlled way, with the deflection angle being independent of the initial electron energy. The effect is predicted to be observable with laser powers and intensities close to those of current state-of-the-art petawatt laser systems.

physics.plasm-ph↗

Novel aspects of radiation reaction in the classical and the quantum regime

This work is dedicated to the study of radiation reaction signatures in the framework of classical and quantum electrodynamics. Since there has been no distinct experimental validation of radiation reaction and its underlying equations so far and its impact is expected to be substantial for the construction of new experimental devices, e.g., quantum x-free electron lasers, a profound understanding of radiation reaction effects is of special interest. Here, we describe how the inclusion of quantum radiation reaction effects changes the dynamics of ultra-relativistic electron beams colliding with intense laser pulses significantly. Thereafter, the angular distribution of emitted radiation is demonstrated to be strongly altered in the quantum framework, if in addition to single photon emission also higher order photon emissions are considered. Furthermore, stimulated Raman scattering of an ultra-intense laser pulse in plasmas is examined and forward Raman scattering is found to be significantly increased by the inclusion of radiation reaction effects in the classical regime. The numerical simulations in this work show the feasibility of an experimental verification of the predicted effects with presently available lasers and electron accelerators.

hep-ph↗

Axion-induced birefringence effects in laser driven nonlinear vacuum interaction

The propagation of a probe electromagnetic field through a counterpropagating strong plane wave is investigated. The effects of the electromagnetic field-(pseudo)scalar axion field interaction and of the self-interaction of the electromagnetic field mediated by virtual electron-positron pairs in the effective Lagrangian approach are included. First, we show that if the strong field is circularly polarized, contrary to the leading-order nonlinear QED effects, the axion-photon interaction induces a chiral-like birefringence and a dichroism in the vacuum. The latter effect is explained by evoking the conservation of the total angular momentum along the common propagation direction of probe and the strong wave, which allows for real axion production only for probe and strong fields with the same helicity. Moreover, in the case of ultra-short strong pulses, it is shown that the absorption coefficients of probe photons depend on the form of the pulse and, in particular, on the carrier-envelope phase of the strong beam. The present results can be exploited experimentally to isolate nonlinear vacuum effects stemming from light-axion interaction, especially at upcoming ultra-strong laser facilities, where stringent constraints on the axion-photon coupling constant are in principle provided.

hep-ph↗

Peak intensity measurement of relativistic lasers via nonlinear Thomson scattering

The measurement of peak laser intensities exceeding $10^{20} \text{W/cm$^2$}$ is in general a very challenging task. We suggest a simple method to accurately measure such high intensities up to about $10^{23} \text{W/cm$^2$}$, by colliding a beam of ultrarelativistic electrons with the laser pulse. The method exploits the high directionality of the radiation emitted by ultrarelativistic electrons via nonlinear Thomson scattering. Initial electron energies well within the reach of laser wake-field accelerators are required, allowing in principle for an all-optical setup. Accuracies of the order of 10% are theoretically envisaged.

physics.optics↗

Radiation Reaction Effects on Electron Nonlinear Dynamics and Ion Acceleration in Laser-solid Interaction

Radiation Reaction (RR) effects in the interaction of an ultra-intense laser pulse with a thin plasma foil are investigated analytically and by two-dimensional (2D3P) Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulations. It is found that the radiation reaction force leads to a significant electron cooling and to an increased spatial bunching of both electrons and ions. A fully relativistic kinetic equation including RR effects is discussed and it is shown that RR leads to a contraction of the available phase space volume. The results of our PIC simulations are in qualitative agreement with the predictions of the kinetic theory.

physics.plasm-ph↗