arXiv subjects

Antti Solonen

Publications and source records attributed to Antti Solonen.

9 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Evaluating consumption effects of intelligent control algorithms for district heated buildings

As buildings become increasingly connected and sensor-rich, intelligent remote heating control is rapidly superseding conventional local heating control. Such control algorithms often aim at reducing energy consumption by minimizing over-heating and utilizing free solar energy, for instance. Numerous companies offering heating optimization solutions have recently emerged. After installing such a system, end-users naturally want to quantify and verify the effect of such an investment, i.e., monetary return. Methods for tracking buildings' heating efficiency are diverse, ranging from simple weather normalization to more complex modeling approaches, but lack transparency and commonly agreed best practices. The problem is further complicated by the fact that buildings constantly undergo non-control-related changes that affect their energy efficiency, making it difficult to isolate and track only control-related effects using the existing methods. In this paper, we first review and derive methods for monitoring the overall efficiency of buildings, and show their inability to isolate the control effects from other changes happening in the buildings. We then propose a model-based approach for estimating and tracking only the control-related effects. Moreover, we show how the models can decompose the total control effect into sub-components to reveal where the energy effects come from. We demonstrate the methods using real data collected over approximately 10 years from the Danfoss Leanheat Building platform. Our scope focuses on district heated buildings with substation-level (supply temperature) control, but the methodology extends to other cases as well.

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arXiv2025

Partially stochastic deep learning with uncertainty quantification for model predictive heating control

Making the control of building heating systems more energy efficient is crucial for reducing global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Traditional rule-based control methods use a static, outdoor temperature-dependent heating curve to regulate heat input. This open-loop approach fails to account for both the current state of the system (indoor temperature) and free heat gains, such as solar radiation, often resulting in poor thermal comfort and overheating. Model Predictive Control (MPC) addresses these drawbacks by using predictive modeling to optimize heating based on a building's learned thermal behavior, current system state, and weather forecasts. However, current industrial MPC solutions often employ simplified physics-inspired indoor temperature models, sacrificing accuracy for robustness and interpretability. While purely data-driven models offer superior predictive performance and therefore more accurate control, they face challenges such as a lack of transparency. To bridge this gap, we propose a partially stochastic deep learning (DL) architecture, dubbed LSTM+BNN, for building-specific indoor temperature modeling. Unlike most studies that evaluate model performance through simulations or limited test buildings, our experiments across a comprehensive dataset of 100 real-world buildings, under various weather conditions, demonstrate that LSTM+BNN outperforms an industry-proven reference model, reducing the average prediction error measured as RMSE by more than 40% for the 48-hour prediction horizon of interest. Unlike deterministic DL approaches, LSTM+BNN offers a critical advantage by enabling pre-assessment of model competency for control optimization through uncertainty quantification. Thus, the proposed model shows significant potential to improve thermal comfort and energy efficiency achieved with heating MPC solutions.

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arXiv2023

On Bayesian Generalized Additive Models

Generalized additive models (GAMs) provide a way to blend parametric and non-parametric (function approximation) techniques together, making them flexible tools suitable for many modeling problems. For instance, GAMs can be used to introduce flexibility to standard linear regression models, to express "almost linear" behavior for a phenomenon. A need for GAMs often arises also in physical models, where the model given by theory is an approximation of reality, and one wishes to express the coefficients as functions instead of constants. In this paper, we discuss GAMs from the Bayesian perspective, focusing on linear additive models, where the final model can be formulated as a linear-Gaussian system. We discuss Gaussian Processes (GPs) and local basis function approaches for describing the unknown functions in GAMs, and techniques for specifying prior distributions for them, including spatially varying smoothness. GAMs with both univariate and multivariate functions are discussed. Hyperparameter estimation techniques are presented in order to alleviate the tuning problems related to GAM models. Implementations of all the examples discussed in the paper are made available.

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arXiv2020

Hierarchical Bayesian propulsion power models for marine vessels

Assessing the magnitude of fuel consumption of marine traffic is a challenging task. The consumption can be reduced by the ways the vessels are operated, to achieve both improved cost efficiency and reduced CO2 emissions. Mathematical models for predicting ships' consumption are in a central role in both of these tasks. Nowadays, many ships are equipped with data collection systems, which enable data-based calibration of the consumption models. Typically this calibration procedure is carried out independently for each particular ship, using only data collected from the ship in question. In this paper, we demonstrate a hierarchical Bayesian modeling approach, where we fit a single model over many vessels, with the assumption that the parameters of vessels of same type and similar characteristics (e.g. vessel size) are likely close to each other. The benefits of such an approach are two-fold; 1) we can borrow information about parameters that are not well informed by the vessel-specific data using data from similar ships, and 2) we can use the final hierarchical model to predict the behavior of a vessel from which we don't have any data, based only on its characteristics. In this paper, we discuss the basic concept and present a first simple version of the model. We apply the Stan statistical modeling tool for the model fitting and use real data from 64 cruise ships collected via the widely used commercial Eniram platform. By using Bayesian statistical methods we obtain uncertainties for the model predictions, too. The prediction accuracy of the model is compared to an existing data-free modeling approach.

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arXiv2018

Undersampled dynamic X-ray tomography with dimension reduction Kalman filter

In this paper, we consider prior-based dimension reduction Kalman filter for undersampled dynamic X-ray tomography. With this method, the X-ray reconstructions are parameterized by a low-dimensional basis. Thus, the proposed method is a) computationally very light; and b) extremely robust as all the computations can be done explicitly. With real and simulated measurement data, we show that the method provides accurate reconstructions even with very limited number of angular directions.

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arXiv2016

Bayesian inverse problems with $l_1$ priors: a Randomize-then-Optimize approach

Prior distributions for Bayesian inference that rely on the $l_1$-norm of the parameters are of considerable interest, in part because they promote parameter fields with less regularity than Gaussian priors (e.g., discontinuities and blockiness). These $l_1$-type priors include the total variation (TV) prior and the Besov $B^s_{1,1}$ space prior, and in general yield non-Gaussian posterior distributions. Sampling from these posteriors is challenging, particularly in the inverse problem setting where the parameter space is high-dimensional and the forward problem may be nonlinear. This paper extends the randomize-then-optimize (RTO) method, an optimization-based sampling algorithm developed for Bayesian inverse problems with Gaussian priors, to inverse problems with $l_1$-type priors. We use a variable transformation to convert an $l_1$-type prior to a standard Gaussian prior, such that the posterior distribution of the transformed parameters is amenable to Metropolized sampling via RTO. We demonstrate this approach on several deconvolution problems and an elliptic PDE inverse problem, using TV or Besov $B^s_{1,1}$ space priors. Our results show that the transformed RTO algorithm characterizes the correct posterior distribution and can be more efficient than other sampling algorithms. The variable transformation can also be extended to other non-Gaussian priors.

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arXiv2016

On dimension reduction in Gaussian filters

A priori dimension reduction is a widely adopted technique for reducing the computational complexity of stationary inverse problems. In this setting, the solution of an inverse problem is parameterized by a low-dimensional basis that is often obtained from the truncated Karhunen-Loeve expansion of the prior distribution. For high-dimensional inverse problems equipped with smoothing priors, this technique can lead to drastic reductions in parameter dimension and significant computational savings. In this paper, we extend the concept of a priori dimension reduction to non-stationary inverse problems, in which the goal is to sequentially infer the state of a dynamical system. Our approach proceeds in an offline-online fashion. We first identify a low-dimensional subspace in the state space before solving the inverse problem (the offline phase), using either the method of "snapshots" or regularized covariance estimation. Then this subspace is used to reduce the computational complexity of various filtering algorithms - including the Kalman filter, extended Kalman filter, and ensemble Kalman filter - within a novel subspace-constrained Bayesian prediction-and-update procedure (the online phase). We demonstrate the performance of our new dimension reduction approach on various numerical examples. In some test cases, our approach reduces the dimensionality of the original problem by orders of magnitude and yields up to two orders of magnitude in computational savings.

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arXiv2014

Optimal low-rank approximations of Bayesian linear inverse problems

In the Bayesian approach to inverse problems, data are often informative, relative to the prior, only on a low-dimensional subspace of the parameter space. Significant computational savings can be achieved by using this subspace to characterize and approximate the posterior distribution of the parameters. We first investigate approximation of the posterior covariance matrix as a low-rank update of the prior covariance matrix. We prove optimality of a particular update, based on the leading eigendirections of the matrix pencil defined by the Hessian of the negative log-likelihood and the prior precision, for a broad class of loss functions. This class includes the F\"{o}rstner metric for symmetric positive definite matrices, as well as the Kullback-Leibler divergence and the Hellinger distance between the associated distributions. We also propose two fast approximations of the posterior mean and prove their optimality with respect to a weighted Bayes risk under squared-error loss. These approximations are deployed in an offline-online manner, where a more costly but data-independent offline calculation is followed by fast online evaluations. As a result, these approximations are particularly useful when repeated posterior mean evaluations are required for multiple data sets. We demonstrate our theoretical results with several numerical examples, including high-dimensional X-ray tomography and an inverse heat conduction problem. In both of these examples, the intrinsic low-dimensional structure of the inference problem can be exploited while producing results that are essentially indistinguishable from solutions computed in the full space.

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arXiv2014

Likelihood-informed dimension reduction for nonlinear inverse problems

The intrinsic dimensionality of an inverse problem is affected by prior information, the accuracy and number of observations, and the smoothing properties of the forward operator. From a Bayesian perspective, changes from the prior to the posterior may, in many problems, be confined to a relatively low-dimensional subspace of the parameter space. We present a dimension reduction approach that defines and identifies such a subspace, called the "likelihood-informed subspace" (LIS), by characterizing the relative influences of the prior and the likelihood over the support of the posterior distribution. This identification enables new and more efficient computational methods for Bayesian inference with nonlinear forward models and Gaussian priors. In particular, we approximate the posterior distribution as the product of a lower-dimensional posterior defined on the LIS and the prior distribution marginalized onto the complementary subspace. Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling can then proceed in lower dimensions, with significant gains in computational efficiency. We also introduce a Rao-Blackwellization strategy that de-randomizes Monte Carlo estimates of posterior expectations for additional variance reduction. We demonstrate the efficiency of our methods using two numerical examples: inference of permeability in a groundwater system governed by an elliptic PDE, and an atmospheric remote sensing problem based on Global Ozone Monitoring System (GOMOS) observations.

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