arXiv subjects

Arghadeep Pal

Publications and source records attributed to Arghadeep Pal.

15 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Twin-photon generation in a silicon nitride microresonator

Photonic chips with silicon nitride ($\mathrm{Si_3N_4}$) microring resonators are well established as heralded single-photon sources, but their operation as frequency-degenerate twin-photon sources has not previously been demonstrated. Here, we realise a twin-photon source at telecommunication wavelengths in a $\mathrm{Si_3N_4}$ ring microresonator via an inverse four-wave mixing (FWM) process, in which two photons from spectrally distinct pumps are converted into a pair of identical twin photons. The measurements show a maximum coincidence-to-accidental ratio (CAR) of $5.4\pm0.6$. In addition, the microresonator functions as a heralded single-photon source through pump-degenerate spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM), exhibiting a spectral purity of $P=0.67\pm0.05$ and a heralded anti-bunching of $g^{(2)}_h(0)=0.0042\pm0.0015$. Together, these results demonstrate both photon-generation schemes on a single integrated $\mathrm{Si_3N_4}$ platform, highlighting its potential for scalable, tailored quantum light generation.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2026

Magnon-mediated microwave to optical time dynamics

Optomagnonic modulation techniques are an emerging platform for information transfer from the microwave to the optical domain. However, these techniques focus largely on the spectral domain of the transduced signal. Given the potential of the field to bridge the gap between microwave and optical signals, analyzing and studying the interactions real-time in temporal domain becomes equally essential. In this work, we exploit the optomagnonic modulation in a YIG microsphere to demonstrate and study microwave to optical real-time dynamic transfer on a time scale comparable to the decay of magnons. We inductively excite magnons in the microwave domain and use magnon-based Brillouin light scattering to transduce the signature of excited magnonic waveforms to the optical domain. The square type modulation of the magnons is retrieved in the corresponding optical sidebands. Our work enables real-time measurement of the magnonic dynamics and therefore direct access to lifetime measurements of the magnonic mode. Providing insight into the temporal dynamics of magnons, this work can open up new promising research directions such as in magnon coupled superconducting qubits or magnon-based Brillouin memory.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2026

From order to chaos in a chip-scale Kerr parametric oscillator

Integrated photonics has enabled a wide class of chip-scale light sources and quantum technologies. Within this field, microresonator-based degenerate optical parametric oscillators (DOPOs) have gained prominence. Above a critical power threshold, these systems undergo spontaneous symmetry breaking to settle into one of two stable, {\pi}-phase-shifted states -- a mechanism successfully used for quantum random number generation and photonic Ising machines. Here, we show that DOPOs based on the Kerr nonlinearity host a significantly broader range of nonlinear dynamics than previously explored. Using a silicon nitride microring resonator, we experimentally identify Hopf bifurcations that trigger a transition from stationary operation to self-sustained oscillations at MHz frequencies. By adjusting pump detunings and powers, we achieve turnkey control over these oscillatory regimes, navigating the system between stable binary states and periodic limit cycles. Furthermore, we report the experimental observation of period-doubling bifurcations, which numerical simulations reveal as the precursor to a cascading instability culminating in chaos at elevated pump powers. Our results establish a framework for controlling nonlinear instabilities in chip-scale parametric oscillators, with applications in programmable photonic hardware and dynamical optical computing.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2026

Fourth-harmonic UV light generation in integrated silicon nitride microresonators

Integrated silicon nitride (Si3N4) resonators have emerged as a leading platform for nonlinear photonics, yet generating light at wavelength in the ultraviolet (UV) has remained elusive in single-resonator systems. Here we report the first observation of fourth-harmonic generation reaching the blue and ultraviolet spectral regions in an integrated Si3N4 microring resonator. We systematically investigate the input-power dependence of the wavelength ranges supporting second-, third-, and fourth-harmonic generation, and study the input-power-dependent variation of the circulating fourth-harmonic signal in the UV. These results extend the operational bandwidth of integrated Si3N4 nonlinear photonic platforms to the lower edge of the material transparency window, enabling on-chip UV frequency conversion. Near-ultraviolet generation around 400 nm will enable on-chip excitation of defect-based quantum emitters in hexagonal boron nitride, enhance Raman spectroscopy through increased scattering cross-sections at shorter wavelengths, and support compact fluorescence-based bio-imaging platforms exploiting intrinsic cellular fluorophores.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2026

Color symmetry breaking in a nonlinear optical microcavity

Spontaneous symmetry breaking leads to diverse phenomena across the natural sciences, from the Higgs mechanism in particle physics to superconductors and collective animal behavior. In photonic systems, the symmetry of light states can be broken when two optical fields interact through the Kerr nonlinearity, as shown in early demonstrations with counterpropagating and cross-polarized modes. Here, we report the first observation of color symmetry breaking in an integrated silicon nitride microring, where spontaneous power imbalance arises between optical mode at different wavelengths, mediated by the Kerr effect. The threshold power for this effect is as low as 19 mW. By examining the system's homogeneous states, we further demonstrate a Kerr-based nonlinear activation-function generator that produces sigmoid-, quadratic-, and leaky-ReLU-like responses. These findings reveal previously unexplored nonlinear dynamics in dual-pumped Kerr resonators and establish new pathways towards compact, all-optical neuromorphic circuits.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2025

Scattering Induced Mode Chirality in Ring Resonators

Non-Hermitian physics can be used to break time reversal symmetry and is important for interactions in a wide range of systems, from active matter and neural networks to metamaterials and non-equilibrium thermodynamics. In integrated photonic devices, non-Hermitian physics can be used for direction-dependent light propagation, reconfigurable light paths, selective energy localization and optical isolators. In this work, we report previously unexplored direction-dependent mode splitting in ring microresonators, achieved by adding multiple scatterers around the cavity. Through experiments, simulations, and theoretical modeling, we unveil the underlying physics that changes the resonance shapes in resonant systems with backscattering. By engineering the spatial configuration of the scatterers, we can produce a predictable and repeatable direction-dependent mode splitting, enabling new ways to route light through optical resonators and photonic networks. In addition, the direction dependent mode-splitting can be used for precise near-field measurements, enhancing traditional sensing in integrated photonic chips.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2025

Visualization of nonlinear optics in a microresonator

A precise understanding of nonlinear optical phenomena in whispering gallery mode (WGM) microresonators is crucial for developing next-generation integrated photonic devices. Applications include on-chip sensors for biomedical use, optical memories for all-optical networks and frequency combs for optical clocks. However, our ability to spatially localize nonlinear optical processes within microresonators has been limited because optical feedback is often only collected through a bus waveguide. In this study, we present the direct visualization of nonlinear optical processes using scattering patterns captured by a short-wave infrared (SWIR) camera. Through systematic analysis of these scattering patterns, we can distinguish between different nonlinear effects occurring within the microresonator. Direct imaging of nonlinear processes in microresonators can significantly impact many applications, including the optimization of soliton frequency combs, real-time debugging of photonic circuits, microresonator-based memories, and chip-based data switching in telecom circuits.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2025

Simplified Aluminum Nitride Processing for Low-Loss Integrated Photonics and Nonlinear Optics

Aluminum nitride (AlN) is an extremely promising material for integrated photonics because of the combination of strong \c{hi}2 and \c{hi}3 nonlinearities. However, the intrinsic hardness of the material and charging effects during electron beam lithography make AlN nanofabrication a challenging process. Conventional approaches often require multiple hard masks and a metal mask to fabricate nanostructures. In this letter, we report a novel, simple method to fabricate AlN microresonators by using a single layer of silicon nitride mask combined with a thin conductive polymer layer. The conductive layer can be conveniently removed during developing without requiring an additional etching step. We achieve high intrinsic quality (Q) factors up to one million in AlN microresonators and demonstrate several nonlinear phenomena within our devices, including frequency comb generation, Raman lasing, third harmonic generation and supercontinuum generation.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2025

Hybrid Nonlinear Effects in Photonic Integrated Circuits

Nonlinear optics in photonic integrated circuits is usually limited to utilizing the nonlinearity of a single material. In this work, we demonstrate the use of hybrid optical nonlinearities that occur in two different materials. This approach allows us to observe combined Raman scattering and Kerr frequency comb generation using silicon nitride (Si3N4) microresonators with fused silica cladding. Here, the fused silica cladding provides Raman gain, while the silicon nitride core provides the Kerr nonlinearity for frequency comb generation. This way we can add Raman scattering to an integrated photonic silicon nitride platform, in which Raman scattering has not been observed so far because of insufficient Raman gain. The Raman lasing is observed in the silica-clad silicon nitride resonators at an on-chip optical power of 143 mW, which agrees with theoretical simulations. This can be reduced to mw-level with improved optical quality factor. Broadband Raman-Kerr frequency comb generation is realized through dispersion engineering of the waveguides. The use of hybrid optical nonlinearities in multiple materials opens up new functionalities for integrated photonic devices, e.g. by combining second and third-order nonlinear materials for combined supercontinuum generation and self-referencing of frequency combs. Combining materials with low threshold powers for different nonlinearities can be the key to highly efficient nonlinear photonic circuits for compact laser sources, high-resolution spectroscopy, frequency synthesis in the infrared and UV, telecommunications and quantum information processing.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2024

Linear and Nonlinear Coupling of Light in Twin-Resonators with Kerr Nonlinearity

Nonlinear effects in microresonators are efficient building blocks for all-optical computing and telecom systems. With the latest advances in microfabrication, coupled microresonators are used in a rapidly growing number of applications. In this work, we investigate the coupling between twin-resonators in the presence of Kerr-nonlinearity. We use an experimental setup with controllable coupling between two high-Q resonators and discuss the effects caused by the simultaneous presence of linear and non-linear coupling between the optical fields. Linear-coupling-induced mode splitting is observed at low input powers, with the controllable coupling leading to a tunable mode splitting. At high input powers, the hybridized resonances show spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) effects, in which the optical power is unevenly distributed between the resonators. Our experimental results are supported by a detailed theoretical model of nonlinear twin-resonators. With the recent interest in coupled resonator systems for neuromorphic computing, quantum systems, and optical frequency comb generation, our work provides important insights into the behavior of these systems at high circulating powers.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2024

Phase Symmetry Breaking of Counterpropagating Light in Microresonators for Switches and Logic Gates

The rapidly growing field of integrated photonics is enabling a large number of novel devices for optical data processing, neuromorphic computing and circuits for quantum photonics. While many photonic devices are based on linear optics, nonlinear responses at low threshold power are of high interest for optical switching and computing. In the case of counterpropagating light, nonlinear interactions can be utilized for chip-based isolators and logic gates. In our work we find a symmetry breaking of the phases of counterpropagating light waves in high-Q ring resonators. This abrupt change in the phases can be used for optical switches and logic gates. In addition to our experimental results, we provide theoretical models that describe the phase symmetry breaking of counterpropagating light in ring resonators.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2024

Controlled light distribution with coupled microresonator chains via Kerr symmetry breaking

Within optical microresonators, the Kerr interaction of photons can lead to symmetry breaking of optical modes. In a ring resonator, this leads to the interesting effect that light preferably circulates in one direction or in one polarization state. Applications of this effect range from chip-integrated optical diodes to nonlinear polarization controllers and optical gyroscopes. In this work, we study Kerr-nonlinearity-induced symmetry breaking of light states in coupled resonator optical waveguides (CROWs). We discover a new type of controllable symmetry breaking that leads to emerging patterns of dark and bright resonators within the chains. Beyond stationary symmetry broken states, we observe periodic oscillations, switching and chaotic fluctuations of circulating powers in the resonators. Our findings are of interest for controlled multiplexing of light in photonic integrated circuits, neuromorphic computing, topological photonics and soliton frequency combs in coupled resonators.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2024

Real-time imaging of standing-wave patterns in microresonators

Real-time characterization of microresonator dynamics is important for many applications. In particular it is critical for near-field sensing and understanding light-matter interactions. Here, we report camera-facilitated imaging and analysis of standing wave patterns in optical ring resonators. The standing wave pattern is generated through bi-directional pumping of a microresonator and the scattered light from the microresonator is collected by a short-wave infrared (SWIR) camera. The recorded scattering patterns are wavelength dependent, and the scattered intensity exhibits a linear relation with the circulating power within the microresonator. By modulating the relative phase between the two pump waves, we can control the generated standing waves movements and characterize the resonator with the SWIR camera. The visualized standing wave enables subwavelength distance measurements of scattering targets with nanometer-level accuracy. This work opens new avenues for applications in on-chip near-field (bio-)sensing, real time characterization of photonic integrated circuits and backscattering control in telecom systems.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2023

Microresonator soliton frequency combs via cascaded Brillouin scattering

We demonstrate Kerr soliton frequency comb generation that is seeded by a cascaded Brillouin scattering process. In this process, a pump laser is used to generate multiple orders of Brillouin sidebands in a microresonator, which in turn generate the soliton. In such a process, even orders of Brillouin scattering sidebands are co-propagating with respect to the pump laser while odd orders of Brillouin scattering are backwards propagating. In this work we present the generation of forward propagating Kerr solitons via a forward propagating second order Brillouin scattering process in a fused silica rod resonator. Importantly, we show that the Brillouin scattering process can bridge the gap between different microresonator mode families, such that the repetition rate of the Kerr soliton is independent from the Brillouin gain frequency shift (about 10 GHz in fused silica). In our work we demonstrate this by generating soliton pulse trains with a repetition rate of 107 GHz. Our work opens up a new way for using cascaded Brillouin lasing as a seed for microresonator frequency comb generation. This can be of particular interest for the realization of soliton frequency combs with low noise properties from Brillouin lasing while still having arbitrary repetition rates that are determined by the resonator size. Applications range from optical communication to LIDAR systems and photonic signal generation.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2022

Machine Learning Assisted Inverse Design of Microresonators

The high demand for fabricating microresonators with desired optical properties has led to various techniques to optimize geometries, mode structures, nonlinearities and dispersion. Depending on applications, the dispersion in such resonators counters their optical nonlinearities and influences the intracavity optical dynamics. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of a machine learning (ML) algorithm as a tool to determine the geometry of microresonators from their dispersion profiles. The training dataset with ~460 samples is generated by finite element simulations and the model is experimentally verified using integrated silicon nitride microresonators. Two ML algorithms are compared along with suitable hyperparameter tuning, out of which Random Forest (RF) yields the best results. The average error on the simulated data is well below 15%.

cs.LG↗