arXiv subjects

Arjen van der Wel

Publications and source records attributed to Arjen van der Wel.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Toward Unbreaking the Universe: MINERVA Measurements of Color Gradients in Massive Quiescent Galaxies Can Help Ease Too-Early Star Formation Tensions

The discovery of a population of massive, ancient quiescent galaxies within the first 2 Gyr of the Universe's history has led to significant tensions with models of galaxy formation. However, these analyses are often based on slit spectroscopy, which typically captures only the center-most region of these galaxies and, crucially, assumes these cores are representative of the entire galaxy. To illustrate the varying stellar populations present throughout these galaxies, we present an analysis of color gradients in four $z>3$, $\log(M_\star/M_\odot)>11$ quiescent galaxies which previous works have argued are in tension with models. Using medium-band photometry from MINERVA JWST observations, we measure resolved photometry in a series of elliptical annuli out to $0.7^{\prime\prime}$ ($\sim4~R_e$). We find negative color gradients in three galaxies, and for the most extreme color gradient ($Δ(U-V)/ΔR=-0.126\pm0.030~{\rm mag~kpc^{-1}}$), we find the stellar mass is 0.1 dex lower when compared to photometry measured within NIRSpec slits. In the limiting case where these color gradients are entirely driven by age, we find lessened tensions with extreme value statistics models out to $z\sim9.5$, though different stellar population modeling choices also contribute significantly. Ultimately, these findings highlight the need for integral field unit spectroscopy. Spatially-resolved spectra can provide the evidence needed to break the age--dust--metallicity degeneracy, and reliably separate the effects of the observed color gradients from the effects of different physical modeling assumptions on the formation histories of these galaxies.

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arXiv2026

Hidden mass in early galaxies revealed by bottom-heavy initial mass functions

James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations have revealed that massive galaxies formed and evolved faster than predicted by galaxy formation models, with many having already assembled a large mass in stars approximately 12 billion years ago. However, masses of distant galaxies are uncertain, as they assume a distribution of stellar birth masses (the initial mass function (IMF)) similar to that in the Milky Way. Specifically, the contribution from low-mass stars, which make up the bulk of stellar mass, is not directly observed, but inferred based on an extrapolation of the Milky Way IMF. Here, we provide robust constraints on the low-mass IMF beyond the local Universe from full-spectrum models. Using ultra-deep spectra of nine massive quiescent galaxies at redshift $z$ $\approx0.7$ from the JWST Initial Mass Function of Early Red NIRSpec Objects program, extended to bluer wavelengths with deep Very Large Telescope Large Early Galaxy Astrophysics Census spectra, we find that the most massive galaxies have excess low-mass stars. Remarkably, our oldest galaxy (formation redshift $z_{\rm form} > 5$) has the most bottom-heavy IMF. This galaxy may be a descendant of JWST's 'impossibly early' galaxies, implying that the latter may have had similarly bottom-heavy IMFs increasing their masses by a factor of approximately $4\pm1$. Our findings may thus amplify the tension with galaxy formation models.

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arXiv2026

Nexae in caverna: the secular evolution of disks via collectively excited, transient spiral structure

Using the hydrodynamical (fluid) approximation, we present a self-consistent theoretical framework that couples the origin, evolution and decay of spiral structures to the secular dynamical evolution of their host galactic disks. Our approach highlights non-resonant spiral excitation through azimuthal forcing that leverages mild, pervasive gradients in the disk's mass and angular momentum distributions, structural features we term cavernae. These cavernae are weaker but more widespread than the sharp features behind groove mode excitation and commonplace in exponential disks. We discuss how non-resonant features combine with other responses -- resonant dressing, steady waves, groove modes -- to produce a global, evolving spiral nexum that transports angular momentum and reshapes the disk. Using expressions for torques, angular momentum transport and heating, we demonstrate that global spirals are intrinsically self-limiting; the angular momentum changes and heating they generate quenches their own growth, dictating a finite lifetime for any single spiral episode. A succession of transient episodes, each with properties adjusted to the changed disk conditions, lays the pathway to long-lived spiral activity. This behavior suggests that the character of secular evolution shifts over time. We find that the short-lived, high-multiplicity (high-m) spirals that dominate in dynamically cold disks induce widespread, impulse-like non-resonant heating, yet with a low ratio of heating to radial migration. As the disk warms, high-m features are suppressed, leading to steadier, lower-m spirals that heat progressively more efficiently near resonances. In this light, the dynamical coldness of disk galaxies today requires a past dominated by high-m transient perturbations, whereas warmer, more compact systems reflect an advanced stage of evolution regulated by transient, low-m spirals.

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arXiv2026

Little Red Dots host Black Hole Stars: A unified family of gas-reddened AGN revealed by JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy

We use the DAWN JWST Archive to construct and characterise a sample of 146 little red dots (LRDs) across 2.0<z<9.3, selecting all sources with v-shaped UV-optical continua from NIRSpec/PRISM spectra and compact morphologies in NIRCam/F444W imaging. We show that LRD continuum spectra are ubiquitously well described by modified blackbodies across ~$0.4-1.0μ$m, with typical T~5000K or $λ_{peak}$~$0.65μ$m across 2 dex in luminosity, and a tail toward T~2000K. LRDs therefore trace a locus in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram that is directly analogous to stars on the Hayashi track, strongly supporting the picture that LRDs are AGN embedded in optically-thick dense gas envelopes. Hotter LRDs with $λ_{peak}<0.65μ$m typically have strong Balmer breaks, redder UV slopes and high optical luminosities; other LRDs show weak or no Balmer breaks, and wide variety in $β_{UV}$ and $L_{5100}$. Crucially, we demonstrate that the UV-optical continuum shapes and luminosities are strongly linked to the $Hα,\ Hβ$, [OIII] and OI line properties. There is a tight linear relation between the H$α$ and optical continuum luminosities, as well as H$α$ and OI$_{8446}$, indicating that Balmer, OI and optical emission must primarily be powered by the same source. The Balmer decrement increases strongly toward higher $L_{Hα}$, $L_{5100}$ and Balmer break strength, providing key evidence for luminosity-dependent effects of collisional (de-)excitation and resonant scattering in the gaseous envelopes. In contrast, we show that [OIII] emission likely originates from star-forming host galaxies, and that its strong correlation with Balmer break strength arises naturally from variation in the AGN-to-host ratio among the LRD population. Our work presents an empirical description of the nature and structure of LRDs, defining a new benchmark for ongoing LRD model developments.

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arXiv2026

Everything Every Band All at Once I: A Global Morphology Catalog in Abell 2744 based on UNCOVER/MegaScience

We present spectrally-resolved structural parameter measurements of 28,274 sources from the legacy lensing field of Abell 2744, quantifying global structures from observed $0.7 μm - 4.8 μm$ and spanning rest-frame UV to NIR at $R\sim15$. These measurements are made on imaging mosaics mainly from the UNCOVER/MegaScience survey, including 20 JWST NIRCam broad and medium bands. We perform single-component Sérsic fitting to these galaxies using \texttt{pysersic}, a Bayesian structural fitting tool, to infer their structural parameters and associated random uncertainties from the posterior distributions. Through various quality evaluation criteria, we infer robust structural parameters among $> 85\%$ of the selected $\rm SNR>10$ sources. For each galaxy with reliable sizes in at least two bands and a high quality redshift, we fit its observed size as a function of wavelength and infer rest-frame UV, optical, and near-infrared sizes where applicable. By performing injection-recovery tests on simulated galaxy cutouts in selected bands, we establish that our structural parameter measurements achieve fractional error $< 10 -20\%$ above $\rm SNR>10$. With this paper, all raw structural measurements and fitted rest-frame sizes are quality-flagged, cataloged, and released to the community. Finally, we demonstrate that this catalog enables the structural study of galaxies over an unprecedentedly wide parameter space of redshift ($0.3<z<8$), stellar mass ($\rm 10^{7}\, M_{\odot}<M_{*} <10^{11.5}\, M_{\odot}$), and rest-frame optical size ($\rm 100 \,pc<R_{e}<10\,kpc$), after correcting for lensing magnification.

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arXiv2026

Predicting ionised gas emission in 3D with SKIRT. I. Framework and validation

Emission lines from ionised gas are key diagnostics of star formation, metallicity, and ionisation conditions in galaxies. Interpreting spatially resolved observations from integral-field surveys (e.g. MaNGA, MUSE, JWST/NIRSpec) and comparing them with hydrodynamical simulations requires 3D photoionisation models that handle realistic geometries, dust attenuation, and synthetic instrument output. We present a new photoionisation module for the Monte Carlo radiative transfer code SKIRT that predicts emission-line luminosities of ionised gas in 3D, combining pre-computed Cloudy tables for gas temperature and opacity with a direct calculation of ion fractions and line emissivities. The local ionising radiation field (1-6 Ryd) is characterised by log U and four spectral-shape ratios; Cloudy tables map these to temperature and opacity, converging through SKIRT's existing iteration cycle. An inline solver then determines ion fractions from the converged field and temperature and evaluates line emissivities. We validate against Cloudy on 60 spherical shell models and against COLT on a Milky Way-analogue galaxy. On the 1D grid, hydrogen recombination lines agree with Cloudy to within a few per cent (Halpha median ratio 0.97) and the forbidden lines to within ~5%, except [S II] 6717 (1.23), whose offset traces a temperature overestimate near the ionisation front. In 3D, integrated luminosities agree with COLT to within 18% for the hydrogen lines and 2% for [N II], while [O III] and [S II] are elevated by ~70 and ~80%. Pixel-by-pixel correlation coefficients reach r >= 0.92, with luminosity-weighted scatter of 0.14-0.31 dex and broadly consistent BPT ratios. The module enables self-consistent synthetic observations in which ionised-gas emission lines, dust attenuation, and dust re-emission are computed in a single MCRT run, applicable to any hydrodynamical simulation.

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arXiv2026

JWST spectroscopy of galaxies at $z>10$: Damped Ly$α$ absorbers reveal efficient star formation and hidden redshift biases

Recent observations with JWST have revealed a remarkable population of surprisingly luminous galaxies at redshifts $z>10$. Their abundance exceed predictions from simulations and empirical extrapolations from lower redshifts, suggesting a transition in the physical conditions under which the first stars formed. Here we investigate the physical conditions of a select sample of 25 galaxies with robust redshift measurements at $z_{\rm spec}\geq 10$ observed with JWST/NIRSpec Prism. We characterize their star-formation efficiency, `burstiness', and presence of strong rest-frame UV nebular lines in relation to the density of the local neutral atomic hydrogen (HI) gas reservoirs they are embedded in. We find that the prominence of strong rest-UV lines are correlated with the burstiness of the galaxies, defined as ${\rm SFR_{10\,Myr} / SFR_{100\,Myr}}$. In contrast, there are no strong connections between the HI gas column density derived from the damped Ly$α$ absorption (DLA) and the $M_{\rm UV}$ brightness, ${\rm SFR_{10\,Myr} / SFR_{100\,Myr}}$, and prominence of rest-UV lines. The most bursty galaxies show a large variation in star-formation efficiencies and HI gas surface densities, though typically with very short depletion timescales, $t_{\rm dep} \lesssim 20$\,Myr. This necessites rapid gas depletion times and external replenishment from infalling, pristine gas, powering starburst episodes on equally short timescales. We further quantify the impact of strong DLAs in galaxy spectra on photometric and Ly$α$-break redshift-inferences, finding average redshift biases of $\langle z \rangle =0.39$ and $0.14$, respectively, when not incorporating DLAs on the emergent spectra. We show the effect of this bias on new measurements of the cosmic UV luminosity density, $ρ_{\rm UV}$, derived here at $z>10$, finding that this has a marginal impact on the UV luminosity function.

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arXiv2026

TODDLERS 2.0: Stellar feedback and observables across diverse IMFs, binary populations, and cloud environments

Modeling the feedback-driven evolution of star-forming regions and their multi-wavelength emission is essential for interpreting galaxy observations across cosmic time. TODDLERS couples 1D shell dynamics with Cloudy photoionization to predict UV-to-mm observables. The original framework assumed instantaneous star formation, uniform cloud density, a fixed IMF with single-star evolution, and fixed dust properties. We present TODDLERS 2.0, extending the framework to broader stellar populations, birth-cloud conditions, and dust physics. Stellar feedback and input spectra are modeled using pySTARBURST99 (arbitrary IMFs, upper mass limits up to 500 M$\odot$) and BPASS (binary evolution, upper mass limits up to 300 M$\odot$), including stochastic IMF sampling for low-mass clusters (M$* \lesssim 10^4$ M$\odot$) and constant star formation. The 1D evolution includes non-uniform cloud density profiles and dynamic cloud density evolution driven by escaping ionizing radiation. Cloudy post-processing includes modified grain size distributions and diffuse ionized gas. Cloud density profile and star formation mode regulate fragmentation timescales and shell extent: centrally concentrated profiles fragment earlier, while constant star formation delays fragmentation relative to bursts. Top-heavy IMFs generate stronger feedback and earlier fragmentation than a Kroupa IMF. Dynamic cloud density evolution introduces an additional feedback channel, strongest at low metallicity where unswept cloud density decreases by up to three orders of magnitude. For low-mass clusters, stochastic sampling produces order-of-magnitude feedback variations, demonstrating breakdown of the fully sampled IMF approximation. TODDLERS 2.0 models diverse stellar populations, cloud structures, and star formation modes as a standalone tool or sub-grid emission model for galaxy simulations.

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arXiv2026

Clues to inside-out quenching in quiescent galaxies at $1.2\lesssim z\lesssim2.2$: Age, Fe-, and Mg-abundance gradients from JWST-SUSPENSE

[Abridged] Spatially resolved stellar populations of massive quiescent galaxies at cosmic noon provide powerful insights into quenching and assembly mechanisms. Previous photometric studies have revealed that the cores of these galaxies are redder than their outskirts. However, spectroscopy is needed to break the age-metallicity degeneracy and uncover the driver of colour gradients. We derive age and elemental abundance gradients for eight distant ($1.2 \lesssim z \lesssim 2.2$), massive ($10.3\lesssim\log({\rm M}_*/{\rm M}_\odot)\lesssim 11.1$) quiescent galaxies by fitting full-spectrum models to ultra-deep NIRSpec-MSA spectroscopy from the JWST-SUSPENSE survey. We find that these galaxies have negative age and flat [Fe/H] gradients, and tentative indications of positive [Mg/H] and [Mg/Fe] gradients. These results suggest that galaxy cores are older and perhaps also Mg deficient compared to galaxy outskirts. The age gradients may indicate inside-out quenching, while Mg-deficient cores could suggest rapid gas expulsion as the central quenching mechanism. Thus, galaxy cores may have formed faster and quenched more efficiently than their outskirts. However, our [Fe/H] and [Mg/Fe] gradients are still puzzling, and further investigation is required to understand the nature of [Mg/H] gradients in massive galaxies at these redshifts. Our results contrast with those of lower-$z$ studies, which find flat age and [Mg/Fe] gradients and negative metallicity gradients. Additionally, we find a positive trend between age gradients and rotational support and marginal trends between [Fe/H] gradients and velocity dispersions and ages. We discuss our findings in the context of galaxy growth scenarios, including minor mergers and progenitor bias. With this work, we present the first stellar population gradients from NIRSpec-MSA spectroscopy in the current largest sample of distant quiescent galaxies.

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arXiv2026

JWST Spectroscopic Insights Into the Diversity of Galaxies in the First 500 Myr: Short-Lived Snapshots Along a Common Evolutionary Pathway

We investigate the nature and spectroscopic diversity of early galaxies from a sample of 41 sources at z>10 with JWST/NIRSpec prism observations. We compare the properties of strong UV line emitters, traced by intense CIV emission, with those of more "typical" sources with weak or undetected CIV. The more typical (or "CIV-weak") sources reveal significant scatter in their CIII] line strengths, UV continuum slopes, and physical sizes, spanning CIII] equivalent widths of ~1-51 Å, UV slopes of $β$~-1.6 to -2.6, and half-light radii of ~50-1000 pc. In contrast, CIV-strong sources occupy the tail of these distributions, with CIII] EWs of 16-51 Å, UV slopes $β$<-2.5, compact morphologies ($r_{50}$<100 pc), and elevated star formation surface densities ($Σ_{SFR}$>100 $M_{\odot}yr^{-1}kpc^{-2}$). These properties suggest concentrated starbursts that temporarily outshine the host galaxy. Comparing average properties from composite spectra, we find the diversity of the sample is primarily driven by bursty star formation on very short timescales (<3 Myr), with strong CIV emitters observed at the apex of the bursts and sources devoid of emission lines during relative inactivity. An apparent association between strong CIV and enhanced nitrogen abundance suggests both may be modulated by the same duty cycle, reflecting a generic mode of star formation. We show that AGN are unlikely to contribute significantly to this duty cycle based on UV line diagnostics and photoionisation models. Our results support a picture whereby brief bursts and lulls can explain the spectral diversity and early growth of bright galaxies in the first 500 Myr.

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arXiv2026

Everything Every Band All at Once II: The Relationship Between Optical Size and Stellar Mass Over Eight Billion Years of Cosmic History

While the size-mass relation provides insight into the structural evolution of galaxies, the data available and methods employed have hindered our ability to study a detailed and comprehensive description of this key relation across cosmic history. The first paper in this series presents a morphology catalog based on 20 band JWST data in the field of Abell 2744. In this paper we utilize this catalog to measure the size-mass relation from $0.5 10$, we discuss three distinct phases: Rapid growth at $z>5$, growth that mimics dark matter halos at $5< z <1$ and a late plateau at $0.5 1$. Our results imply that quiescent galaxies are smaller than their star-forming counterparts only at around $\log M_*/M_\odot = 10$; the two populations have similar sizes at lower and higher masses.

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arXiv2026

A Cosmic Miracle: A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at $z_{\rm{spec}}=14.44$ Confirmed with JWST

JWST has revealed a stunning population of bright galaxies at surprisingly early epochs, $z>10$, where few such sources were expected. Here we present the most distant example of this class yet -- MoM-z14, a luminous ($M_{\rm{UV}}=-20.2$) source in the COSMOS field at $z_{\rm{spec}}=14.44^{+0.02}_{-0.02}$ that expands the observational frontier to a mere 280 million years after the Big Bang. The redshift is confirmed with NIRSpec/PRISM spectroscopy through a sharp Lyman-$α$ break and $\sim3σ$ detections of five rest-UV emission lines. The number density of bright $z_{\rm{spec}}\sim14-15$ sources implied by our "Mirage or Miracle" survey spanning $\sim350$ arcmin$^{2}$ is $>100\times$ larger ($182^{+329}_{-105}\times$) than pre-JWST consensus models. The high EWs of UV lines ($\sim15{-}35$ Å) signal a rising star-formation history, with a $\sim10\times$ increase in the last 5 Myr ($\rm{SFR_{\rm{5Myr}}}/\rm{SFR_{\rm{50Myr}}}=9.9^{+3.0}_{-5.8}$). The source is extremely compact (circularized $r_{\rm{e}} = 74^{+15}_{-12}$ pc), and yet elongated ($b/a=0.25^{+0.11}_{-0.06}$), suggesting an AGN is not the dominant source of UV light. The steep UV slope ($β=-2.5^{+0.2}_{-0.2}$) implies negligible dust attenuation and a young stellar population. The absence of a strong damping wing provides tentative evidence that the immediate surroundings of MoM-z14 may be partially ionized at a redshift where virtually every reionization model predicts a $\sim100\%$ neutral fraction. The nitrogen emission and highly super-solar [N/C]$>1$ hint at an abundance pattern similar to local globular clusters that may have once hosted luminous supermassive stars. Since this abundance pattern is also common among the most ancient stars born in the Milky Way, we may be directly witnessing the formation of such stars in dense clusters, connecting galaxy evolution across the entire sweep of cosmic time.

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arXiv2026

When relics were made: vigorous stellar rotation and low dark matter content in the massive ultra-compact galaxy GS-9209 at z=4.66

JWST uncovered a large number of massive quiescent galaxies (MQGs) at $z>3$, which theoretical models struggle to reproduce. Explaining the number density of such objects requires extremely high conversion efficiency of baryons into stars in early dark matter halos. Using stellar kinematics, we can investigate the processes shaping the mass assembly histories of MQGs. We present high-resolution JWST/NIRSpec integral field spectroscopy of GS-9209, a massive, compact quiescent galaxy at $z=4.66$ ($\log (M_{\ast}/M_{\odot})=10.52 \pm 0.06$, $R_{eff}=220 \pm 20$ pc). Full spectral fitting of the spatially resolved stellar continuum reveals a clear rotational pattern, yielding a spin parameter of $λ_{2R_{eff}}=0.85 \pm 0.10$. This study suggests that at least a fraction of the earliest quiescent galaxies were fast rotators and that quenching was a dynamically gentle process, preserving the stellar disc even in highly compact objects. Using Jeans anisotropic modelling and assuming a NFW profile, we measure a dark matter fraction of $f_{DM} (<2R_{eff}) = 14.5^{+6.0}_{-4.2} \% $. Our findings use stellar kinematics to confirm the massive nature of early quiescent galaxies, previously inferred from stellar population modelling. We suggest that GS-9209 has a similar structure to low-redshift `relic' galaxies. However, unlike relic galaxies which have bottom-heavy initial mass functions (IMF), the dynamically inferred mass-to-light ratio of GS-9209 is consistent with a Milky-Way like IMF. The kinematical properties of GS-9209 are different from those of $z<1$ early-type galaxies and more similar to those of recently quenched post-starburst galaxies at $z>2$.

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arXiv2025

The LEGA-C galaxy survey: multiple quenching channels for quiescent galaxies at $z\sim1$

We analyzed the sizes and star-formation histories (SFHs) of 2908 galaxies with $M_\star \geq 10^9$ M$_\odot$ at $0.6 < z < 1.0$, drawn from the LEGA-C survey. The goal is to investigate the connection between galaxy sizes with SFH, stellar age, and metallicity. SFHs were derived with Prospector by fitting the high signal-to-noise, high spectral resolution spectroscopy drawn from the LEGA-C DR3 together with the broadband photometry from the UltraVISTA catalog. Galaxy sizes were measured by fitting a 2D S{é}rsic profile to the HST ACS~F814W images. We find diverse SFHs and quenching timescales ($τ_\rm{q}$). The main quiescent population quenched over $τ_\rm{q}=1.23\pm0.04$ Gyr, whereas compact post-starburst galaxies (PSBs) quenched much faster, $τ_\rm{q}=0.13\pm0.03$ Gyr. At fixed stellar mass, smaller quiescent galaxies quenched more rapidly than larger ones; at fixed size, the dependence on stellar mass is weak. Larger quiescent galaxies are marginally younger, quenched more slowly, and have near-solar metallicities, while compact quiescent galaxies are older, metal-rich, and quenched faster. PSBs formed half their mass later ($z_\rm{form}\sim1.9$) and quenched on the shortest timescales. The general trends with galaxy size, $Z_\star$, and $z_\rm{form}$ for the quiescent populations remain consistent regardless of the method used to derive the stellar properties. We conclude that compact quiescent galaxies are consistent with both early, moderately fast quenching and with more rapid, late quenching. While this may suggest the existence of multiple quenching channels, our data are also compatible with a continuous distribution of quenching timescales. These findings suggest that different physical mechanisms may drive quenching across galaxy populations, potentially leading to similar morphological outcomes despite differing evolutionary histories.

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arXiv2025

LEGA-C stellar populations scaling relations. I: Chemo-archaeological downsizing trends at z~0.7

We analyze stellar population properties of 552 galaxies at redshift 0.6 =0.7 and masses >10^10Msun. The downsizing trends observed locally were already in place 6 Gyr ago. We observe bimodal age distribution as a function of mass, transitioning around 10^11Msun. No bimodality appears in the stellar metallicity-mass relation, which changes from steep to flat across 10^10.8Msun. Similar trends emerge for age and metallicity with velocity dispersion, but with sharper transition from young to old around log(sigma)=2.3. Differences with respect to trens with stellar mass suggest that age primarily depends on velocity dispersion below and above the transition regime, while both stellar mass and velocity dispersion contribute to stellar metallicity. The catalogs of revised absorption index measurements for LEGA-C DR3 and inferred stellar population physical parameters will be released to public repositories. (Abridged)

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arXiv2025

Evolution and Mass Dependence of UV-to-near-IR Color Gradients up to z=2.5 from HST+JWST

We present the redshift evolution of radial color gradients (in rest-frame ${\textit{U}} - {\textit{V}}$ and ${\textit{V}} - {\textit{J}}$) for galaxies in the range $0.5<$ z $<2.5$ and investigate their origin and dependence on stellar mass. We select $\sim 10,200$ galaxies with stellar masses $M_\star>10^{9.5}~{\text{M}}_\odot$ from publicly available JWST/NIRCam-selected catalogs. Using 2D Sérsic profile fits to account for PSF broadening, we perform spatially resolved SED fitting on HST and JWST/NIRCam photometry retrieving accurate rest-frame ${\textit{U}} - {\textit{V}}$ and ${\textit{V}} - {\textit{J}}$ color gradients within 2$R_\text{e, F444W}$. Star-forming galaxies generally exhibit negative ${\textit{V}} - {\textit{J}}$ color gradients that are strongly mass and redshift dependent. For massive star-forming galaxies ($M_\star>10^{10.5}~{\text{M}}_\odot$) at $z>1.5$ ${\textit{V}} - {\textit{J}}$ colors are $\approx 0.5$ mag redder within the effective radius than outside, on average. We find that, at all redshifts and across the entire stellar mass range, ${\textit{V}} - {\textit{J}}$ gradients strongly correlate with global attenuation ($A_V$), suggesting that they predominantly trace dust attenuation gradients. Edge-on galaxies are redder and have stronger gradients at all $z$, although the correlation weakens at higher $z$. The ${\textit{U}} - {\textit{V}}$ and ${\textit{V}} - {\textit{J}}$ color gradients in the quiescent galaxy population, in contrast, are weakly negative (from $\approx -0.1$ to $\approx- 0.2$ mag), though significant, and show little or no dependence on stellar mass, redshift or axis ratio. The implication is that quiescent galaxies must be largely transparent, with low $A_V$, and color gradients mostly attributable to stellar population gradients.

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arXiv2025

LEGA-C stellar populations scaling relations. II: Dissecting mass-complete archaeological trends and their evolution since z~0.7 with LEGA-C and SDSS

With a sample of 552 galaxies at z~0.7 from the LEGA-C survey, we investigate how current star formation influences light-weighted mean stellar ages and metallicities, and their median trends with stellar mass or velocity dispersion. The bimodality in the global age-mass relation stems from the different age distributions in the quiescent (Q) and star-forming (SF) populations. A bimodality is not observed in the stellar metallicity-mass relation, although Q and SF galaxies have different distributions in this parameter space. We identify a high-metallicity sequence populated by both Q and weakly SF galaxies. At masses below logM/Msun=10.8 the median stellar metallicity-mass relation of SF galaxies steepens, as a consequence of increasing scatter toward lower stellar metallicities for galaxies with increasing specific star formation rate at fixed mass. With a consistent analysis of SDSS DR7 spectra, accounting for aperture corrections, we quantify the evolution of the stellar age and stellar metallicity scaling relations between z=0.7 and the present. We find negligible evolution in the stellar metallicity-mass relation of Q galaxies and for logM/Msun>11 galaxies in general. Lower mass SF galaxies, instead, have typically lower metallicities than their local counterparts, indicating significant enrichment since z~0.7 in the low-mass regime. The median of the stellar ages of both the general population and Q galaxies has changed by only 2 Gyr between z=0.7 and z=0.1, less than expected from cosmic aging. Some Q galaxies must evolve passively to reach the old boundary of the local population. However, in order to explain the evolution of the median trends, both individual evolution, through rejuvenation and/or minor merging impacting the outer galaxy regions, and population evolution, through quenching of massive, metal-rich star-forming galaxies, are required. (Abridged)

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arXiv2025

Unusually High Gas-to-Dust Ratios Observed in High-Redshift Quiescent Galaxies

Tracking the cold molecular gas contents of galaxies is critical to understand the interplay between star formation and galaxy growth across cosmic time. Observations of the long-wavelength dust continuum, a proxy for the cold gas, are widely used in the high-redshift community because of their ease and efficiency. These measurements rely on the assumption of a molecular gas-to-dust mass ratio, typically taken to be GDR ~ 100 in massive, metal-rich systems. We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of the 870um dust continuum in a sample of five massive quiescent galaxies at z ~ 1 with existing detections of CO(2-1). We find surprisingly weak dust emission, falling a factor of >~0.4-0.8 dex below the typical correlation between CO and continuum luminosity. We interpret this dust deficiency as evidence for unusually high GDR in these galaxies, which we calculate to range from 300 to at least 1200. Our results and other observations from the literature are generally compatible with predictions from the SIMBA cosmological simulation that dust is preferentially destroyed in quiescent galaxies. Ultimately, we conclude that the dust continuum is a highly unreliable tracer of the molecular gas in high-redshift quiescent galaxies. As a consequence we may know much less about the cold gas contents of this population than previously thought.

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