Formation of heavy double neutron stars II: the role of heavy first-born neutron stars and low metallicity
The high total mass of GW190425 challenges our understanding of double neutron star (DNS) formation, as no such heavy ($\ge 3$\, M$_\odot$) DNS system has been observed in the Milky Way disk. Numerous formation scenarios have been proposed to explain its formation. We test these within a self-consistent binary evolution framework calibrated to the Galactic DNS population. In Paper~I of this series, we studied the evolution of a $1.4$\,M$_\odot$ neutron star (NS) in a binary with a $2.5$--$10$\,M$_\odot$ helium star at solar metallicity ($Z = Z_\odot$), assuming Eddington-limited accretion onto the NS using \texttt{MESA}. In this paper, we consider the evolution of NS-He star binaries with a broad range of NS masses from $1.1$--$1.9$\,M$_\odot$ at $Z=Z_\odot$, 0.1\,$Z_\odot$ and 0.01\,$Z_\odot$. We find that the formation of heavy DNSs is rare, accounting for only $\sim 0.5$ per cent of DNSs. The majority of these are formed through the `standard formation' channel, widely believed to form GW170817 and observed Galactic DNSs. We find no contribution through the `fast-merger' channel at solar metallicity, but systems at low metallicity predominantly form through unstable mass transfer. Furthermore, we find no significant dependence of the heavy DNS formation fraction on metallicity over the range considered here. We conclude that heavy DNSs do not form a separate subpopulation and merely represent the high-mass tail of the standard DNS population.