The Connectome and the Quest for the Functional Logic of the Drosophila Early Olfactory System
In recent decades, the early olfactory system (EOS) of the fruit fly has become a leading model for studying olfactory processing and associative memory, owing in part to a well-characterized feedforward pathway that feeds the processes underlying associative memory and by examining the role played by a handful of neurons and synapses. The recent completion of dense electron-microscopy connectomes provides high quality visualizations of every cell type, neuron, and synapse along the early olfactory pathway. Yet a wiring diagram, however complete, does not by itself reveal the functional logic of a neural circuit. Reviewing the EOS connectome and synaptome datasets of the past fifteen years, we note that the feedforward pathway is embedded in dense local feedback circuits of large scale multi-input multi-output neurons. A systematic understanding of feedback loop abstractions, and their capacity to govern the input/output transformations at each neuropil stage, is the underlying foundation of the functional logic of the early olfactory circuits. In addition, we argue that a quantitative account of the functional logic requires an explicit model of the odorants present in the natural environment. Consisting of odorant objects, such a model defines the semantics and syntax of olfactory information processing, and calls for new distance measures for classifying the odorant semantics in support of associative memory operations. Furthermore, odor information processing must abide by causality, treating the circuit as a real-time, stage-by-stage cascade of giant local feedback loops.