Electromagnetic pressure-gradient-driven instabilities with moderate high mode numbers in tokamak plasmas
Pressure gradient-driven instabilities are investigated in tokamak plasmas using the global gyrokinetic code EUTERPE emphasizing the role of moderate high mode numbers. As the normalized plasma pressure $β$ is increased, there is a well-known, sudden transition from ion-temperature-gradient (ITG) instabilities to kinetic ballooning modes (KBM), if the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) geometry is held fixed. However, if the equilibrium field is recomputed for each value of $β$, so that the equilibrium is consistent with the stability calculation, the transition can disappear. In a number of cases, we are only able to find an ITG-KBM transition if inconsistent equilibria are used. In the MHD unstable regime, gyrokinetic simulations and MHD stability calculations show good agreement for moderate ratios of ion temperature gradient to density gradient and small values of the ion gyro-radius. Otherwise, non-MHD contributions are important, such as the diamagnetic stabilization and ion wave--particle resonant effects.