arXiv subjects

Ayesha Khalid

Publications and source records attributed to Ayesha Khalid.

3 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

PIP-NTT: Towards a Scalable Memory-Parallelized Accelerator for Iterative NTT in PQC

The iterative forward and inverse number theoretic transform (NTT) is a key component in lattice-based post-quantum cryptography (PQC), typically implemented using Cooley-Tukey and Gentleman-Sande butterfly units. Existing iterative NTT accelerators often rely on ping-pong memory schemes and large memory blocks tied to the cyclotomic ring, which limits overall efficiency. To overcome this, we propose a memory-parallelization strategy using four smaller n/4-sized memories for ring size n, preserving the total memory footprint of conventional designs. We also introduce a multiplication-free rescaling architecture for the inverse NTT. Building on these innovations, we perform a comprehensive hardware-based design space exploration of unified Cooley-Tukey and Gentleman-Sande butterfly units, evaluating both coarse- and fine-grained pipelining strategies. The resulting optimized butterfly unit forms the core of our proposed pipelined and memory-parallelized NTT accelerator, "PIP-NTT". It integrates two such units alongside the memory-parallelization scheme to boost computational throughput under tight area constraints. Experimental results on FPGA platforms show that PIP-NTT achieves 2.67x and 1.48x higher efficiency in average Area-Time Product compared to the most area-optimized and high-speed NTT accelerators in the literature. The design is scalable across butterfly radices and adaptable to other PQC schemes, making it a versatile solution for future cryptographic hardware

cs.AR↗

arXiv2025

RejSCore: Rejection Sampling Core for Multivariate-based Public key Cryptography

Post-quantum multivariate public key cryptography (MPKC) schemes resist quantum threats but require heavy operations, such as rejection sampling, which challenge resource-limited devices. Prior hardware designs have addressed various aspects of MPKC signature generation. However, rejection sampling remains largely unexplored in such contexts. This paper presents RejSCore, a lightweight hardware accelerator for rejection sampling in post-quantum cryptography. It specifically targets the QR-UOV scheme, which is a prominent candidate under the second-round of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) additional digital signature standardization process. The architecture includes an AES-CTR-128-based pseudorandom number generator. Moreover, a lightweight iterative method is employed in rejection sampling, offering reduced resource consumption and area overhead while slightly increasing latency. The performance of RejSCore is comprehensively evaluated on Artix-7 FPGAs and 65 nm CMOS technology using the Area-Delay Product (ADP) and Power-Delay Product (PDP). On Artix-7 and 65 nm CMOS, RejSCore achieves an area of 2042 slices and 464,866~$μm^2$, with operating frequencies of 222 MHz and 565 MHz, respectively. Using the QR-UOV parameters for security level I ($q = 127$, $v = 156$, $m = 54$, $l = 3$), the core completes its operation in 8525 clock cycles. The ADP and PDP evaluations confirm RejSCore's suitability for deployment in resource-constrained and security-critical environments.

cs.CR↗

arXiv2024

Usage of Virtual Reality in Combating Social Anxiety Disorders in Non-native English Speakers: A Survey

Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is a common yet underestimated mental health disorder. While non-native English speaker (NNES) students face public speaking, they are more likely to suffer some public speaking anxiety (PSA) due to linguistic and sociocultural differences \cite{cite1}. Virtual Reality (VR) technology has already benefitted social-emotional training. The core objective is to summarise the benefits and limitations of using VR technology to help NNES students practice and improve their public speaking skills. This is not a comprehensive survey of the literature. Instead, the selected papers are intended to reflect the current knowledge across various broad topics. Virtual Reality, Social Anxiety Disorder, Public Speaking Anxiety, English as a Second Language, and Non native English speakers are the keywords used for searching mainly in the Academic Search Complete (ASC) database. Compared with native English speaker (NES) students, NNES students have the potential to achieve better results when using VR technology for PSA social-emotional training.

cs.HC↗