arXiv subjects

B. Catinella

Publications and source records attributed to B. Catinella.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

The GECKOS survey: Resolving the molecular and ionised gas in the galactic outflow of ESO~484-036

We present a spatially resolved, multiphase study of the outflow in the edge-on starburst galaxy ESO~484-036 from the GECKOS survey, combining VLT/MUSE H$\alpha$ and ALMA CO(1$-$0) observations to analyse the atomic ionised and cold molecular gas. Both show extraplanar emission consistent with a conical outflow. Ionised gas is enclosed by molecular gas, which is detected up to 2.5 kpc from the disc. Molecular gas dominates near the disc, except at the nuclear base, while ionised gas extends beyond 3 kpc. The deprojected outflow velocities are $\lesssim400\ \rm km\ s^{-1}$ in both phases and are consistent with ballistic motion, with some gas possibly falling back onto the disc. We find that the mass outflow rates are in the range of $\dot M_{\rm ion}\sim1-5\ \rm M_\odot\ \rm yr^{-1}$ and $\dot M_{\rm mol}\sim13-54\ \rm M_\odot\ \rm yr^{-1}$, giving mass loading factors of $\eta_{M\rm, ion}\sim 0.1-0.6$ and $\eta_{M\rm, mol}\sim 1.5-6.2$. These ranges reflect velocity and geometric uncertainties. Despite the short depletion time ($\tau_{\rm dep} = 16-48\rm\ Myr$), the outflow may regulate rather than permanently quench the gas reservoir. Energy loading ($\eta_E\leq0.16$) and momentum loading ($\eta_p\lesssim1$) support a purely starburst-driven outflow. Comparing ESO~484-036 with a literature sample, we find a systematic 1~dex shift in mass-loading relations when molecular gas is included. This produces a $\sim3.5$~dex discrepancy with cosmological simulations in $\eta_{M\rm, mol}/\eta_{M\rm, ion}$, implying that current models strongly underpredict cold gas production and the role of short-range recycling flows in starburst galaxies.

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arXiv2026

MAUVE: Cold neutral gas in the outflow of NGC 4383 and evidence for a fountain flow

We present a multiphase study of the star-formation-driven outflow in the Virgo galaxy NGC 4383, combining ALMA CO(2-1) data with deep MeerKAT HI imaging and MUSE spectroscopy obtained as part of the Multiphase Astrophysics to Unveil the Virgo Environment (MAUVE) program. Our previous work revealed a spectacular ionised outflow, but the effect of the outflow on the cold phase remained unclear. Our analysis shows that potentially outflowing molecular gas is detected only within the inner 1 kpc above the disc, where CO clouds exhibit disturbed kinematics and spatial correspondence with the ionisation cone. At larger heights, the CO surface brightness rapidly drops, indicating that the molecular phase contributes little to the mass of outflowing gas. In contrast, the HI distribution shows plumes a few kiloparsecs above the disc that are aligned with the ionised cone, and complex kinematics suggestive of parts of the atomic phase being entrained in the outflow. However, the extended and warped HI disc associated with NGC 4383 complicates the unambiguous identification of outflowing atomic gas and, most importantly, the quantification of outflowing mass and loading factor. Independent support for a cold component in the outflow comes from dust extinction features associated with the outflow and coincident with HI plumes. Despite significant uncertainties in the estimate of the mass of cold gas associated with the outflow, these results suggest that the atomic phase likely dominates the cold outflow above 1 kpc. The observed cold gas velocities remain below the velocities of the ionised phase, suggesting that NGC 4383 does not host a large-scale escaping wind but more likely a galactic fountain, in which feedback redistributes material within the halo and regulates ongoing and future star formation.

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arXiv2026

The GECKOS Survey: Extraplanar ionised gas in star-forming galaxies from eDIG to galaxy-scale winds

We map the extraplanar gas, with $\sim$50-200 pc resolution, in nine star-forming galaxies using Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) observations from the GECKOS VLT Large Program targeting edge-on galaxies with similar stellar mass as the Milky Way. The narrow range in stellar mass ($\pm0.35$ dex) of the GECKOS sample makes it ideal for studying trends with star formation rate (SFR). We find strong extraplanar emission reaching $\sim$2-8 kpc from the disk midplane in all targets with $\rm{SFR}\geq$1 M$_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$. Targets with SFR$\,\geq\,$5 M$_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$ have brighter, more extended H$\alpha$ emission compared to lower SFR targets. In high-SFR systems, the gas velocity dispersion ($\sigma_{\rm H\alpha}$) shows a biconical morphology, consistent with the expectation of outflows. This agrees with previous works suggesting high velocity dispersion in a biconical shape is a good means to identify outflows. We find mixed results using line diagnostics ([OIII]$_{5007}$/H$\beta$ - [NII]/H$\alpha$ and $\sigma_{\rm H\alpha}$ - [SII]/H$\alpha$) to spatially resolve ionisation mechanisms across the extraplanar gas. The highest [NII]/H$\alpha$ are the extraplanar gas of the highest SFR systems, yet main-sequence galaxies have the highest [OIII]/H$\beta$. While the morphology of [NII]/H$\alpha$ may be useful to identify outflows, the absolute value of the line ratio alone may not distinguish strong outflows from extraplanar gas of main-sequence galaxies. The ubiquitous extraplanar emission can be interpreted as the result of feedback, in the form of large-scale winds for starbursts or smaller-scale galactic fountains for main-sequence galaxies. Moreover, shock-heating may ionise gas at the interface of the disk and the circumgalactic medium, independent of the source of the gas.

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arXiv2025

Deep Extragalactic VIsible Legacy Survey (DEVILS): First Data Release Covering The D10 (COSMOS) Region

The Deep Extragalactic VIsible Legacy Survey (DEVILS) is a deep, high-completeness multi-wavelength survey based around spectroscopic observations using the Anglo-Australian Telescope's AAOmega spectrograph. The survey covers $\sim4.5$deg$^{2}$ over three extragalactic fields to Y$_{AB}<21.2$mag and probes sources at $0<z<1.2$, with a median redshift of $z=0.53$. Here we describe the DEVILS spectroscopic observations, data reduction and redshift analysis. We then describe and release to the community all DEVILS data in the 10h (D10, COSMOS) region including: i) catalogues of redshifts, photometry, SED fitting for physical properties, visual morphologies, structural decompositions and group environments/halo masses, ii) matched imaging in 28 bands from x-rays to radio continuum, and iii) reduced 1D spectra. All data are made publicly available through Data Central. Within D10 we obtain 5,442 new high-quality spectroscopic redshifts. When combined with existing, lower-quality, redshift information ($i.e.$ photometric redshifts) this is increased to 7,946. Of these, 3,122 have a spectroscopic redshift from another source (many that was not available at the time of the DEVILS observations). As such, DEVILS provides new unique high-quality spectroscopic redshifts for 4,824 faint sources in COSMOS. This increases the spectroscopic completeness at Y-mag$\sim$21 from $\sim$50% in other samples to $\sim$90% in DEVILS. Finally, we show the power of this dataset by exploring the suppression of star formation in over-dense environments, split by morphology and stellar mass, and highlighting the ubiquitous nature of environmental quenching.

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arXiv2025

WALLABY: an untargeted search for H I-bearing ultra-diffuse galaxies uncovers the first known ultra-diffuse galaxy pair

Using the Widefield ASKAP L-band Legacy All-sky Blind surveY (WALLABY) we performed an untargeted search for H I-bearing ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs). We identified a core sample of 10 UDGs defined by $\mu_{g,0}\ge24$ mag arcsec$^{-2}$ and $R_{e}\ge1.5$ kpc, and a broader sample including 12 additional faint diffuse galaxies ($\mu_{g,0}\ge23.7$ mag arcsec$^{-2}$ and $R_{e}\ge1.3$ kpc). Within the core sample, we highlight the first discovery of a UDG pair. Their projected separation is just 75 arcsec (22 kpc at 61.9 Mpc), with a central H I velocity difference of 34 km s$^{-1}$. The North-Western UDG (WALLABY J104513-262755-UDG-1) has a larger H I reservoir, $\log_{10}(M_{HI}/\rm M_{\odot}) = 8.95\pm0.03$, compared to the South-Eastern UDG (WALLABY J104513-262755-UDG-2), $\log_{10}(M_{HI}/\rm M_{\odot}) = 8.60\pm0.04$. UDG-1's stellar mass and star formation rate are also approximately an order of magnitude larger at $\log_{10}(M_*/\rm M_{\odot}) = 8.07\pm0.12$ and $\log_{10}(SFR/\rm M_{\odot}~yr^{-1}) = -1.26\pm0.12$ respectively. The pair has an isolated local environment, with no other galaxies or H I sources within 30 arcmin (525 kpc) and $\pm1000$ km s$^{-1}$. However, in the context of the larger-scale structure, the pair is located outside the virial radius of the Hydra cluster, with its position on the phase-space diagram indicating that it is infalling into the cluster. The identification of this H I-bearing UDG pair raises important questions around the formation of such a unique system and the evolution of UDGs in a transitional phase before ram pressure stripping and cluster infall.

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arXiv2025

WALLABY Pilot Survey: Characterizing Low Rotation Kinematically Modelled Galaxies

Many of the tensions in cosmological models of the Universe lie in the low mass, low velocity regime. Probing this regime requires a statistically significant sample of galaxies with well measured kinematics and robustly measured uncertainties. WALLABY, as a wide area, untargetted HI survey is well positioned to construct this sample. As a first step towards this goal we develop a framework for testing kinematic modelling codes in the low resolution, low $S/N$, low rotation velocity regime. We find that the WALLABY Kinematic Analysis Proto-Pipeline (WKAPP) is remarkably successful at modelling these galaxies when compared to other algorithms, but, even in idealized tests, there are a significant fraction of false positives found below inclinations of $\approx 40^{\circ}$. We further examine the 11 detections with rotation velocities below $50~\kms$ in the WALLABY pilot data releases. We find that those galaxies with inclinations above $40^{\circ}$ lie within $1-2~\sigma$ of structural scaling relations that require reliable rotation velocity measurements, such as the baryonic Tully Fisher relation. Moreover, the subset that have consistent kinematic and photometric inclinations tend to lie nearer to the relations than those that have inconsistent inclination measures. This work both demonstrates the challenges faced in low-velocity kinematic modelling, and provides a framework for testing modelling codes as well as constructing a large sample of well measured low rotation models from untargetted surveys.

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arXiv2025

WALLABY Pilot Survey: the extensive interaction of NGC 4532 and DDO 137 with the Virgo cluster

As part of the pilot survey of the Widefield ASKAP L-band Legacy All-sky Survey (WALLABY), high-resolution neutral atomic hydrogen (HI) observations of the dwarf galaxy pair NGC 4532/DDO 137 (WALLABY J123424+062511) have revealed a huge (48 kpc) bridge of gas between the two galaxies, as well as numerous arms and clouds which connect with the even longer (0.5 Mpc) tail of gas previously discovered with the Arecibo telescope. Our modelling suggests that a combination of ram pressure and tidal forces are responsible for the nature of the system. Although the pair lies well outside of the virial radius of the Virgo cluster, ram pressure due to infall through an extensive envelope of hot gas around the cluster is most likely responsible for the HI tail. Over a timescale of 1 Gyr, the predicted electron density ($1.2\times 10^{-5}$ cm$^{-3}$) and infall velocity (880 km s$^{-1}$) are probably sufficient to explain the extensive stripping from the common gaseous envelope of NGC 4532/DDO 137. The ongoing tidal interaction with the Virgo cluster appears to have prevented a rapid merger of the binary pair, with the mutual tidal interaction between the galaxy pair being responsible for raising gas from the outer parts of the galaxy potential wells into the HI bridge and common envelope. The NGC 4532/DDO 137 system mirrors many of the physical features of the Magellanic System, and may lead to a better understanding of that system, as well as casting more light on the relative importance of interaction mechanisms in the outskirts of dynamically young galaxy clusters such as Virgo.

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arXiv2025

The GECKOS Survey: Resolved, multiphase observations of mass-loading and gas density in the galactic wind of NGC 4666

We present a multiphase, resolved study of the galactic wind extending from the nearby starburst galaxy NGC 4666. For this we use VLT/MUSE observations from the GECKOS program and HI data from the WALLABY survey. We identify both ionised and HI gas in a biconical structure extending to at least $z\sim$8 kpc from the galaxy disk, with increasing velocity offsets above the midplane in both phases, consistent with a multiphase wind. The measured electron density, using [SII], differs significantly from standard expectations of galactic winds. We find electron density declines from the galaxy centre to $\sim2$ kpc, then rises again, remaining high ($\sim100-300$ cm$^{-3}$) out to $\sim$5 kpc. We find that HI dominates the mass loading. The total HI mass outflow rate (above $z~>2$ kpc) is between $5-13~M_{\odot}~\rm yr^{-1}$, accounting for uncertainties from disk-blurring and group interactions. The total ionised mass outflow rate (traced by H$\alpha$) is between $0.5~M_{\odot}~\rm yr^{-1}$ and $5~M_{\odot}~\rm yr^{-1}$, depending on $n_e(z)$ assumptions. From ALMA/ACA observations, we place an upper-limit on CO flux in the outflow which correlates to $\lesssim2.9~M_{\odot}~\rm yr^{-1}$. We also show that the entire outflow is not limited to the bicone, but a secondary starburst at the edge generates a more widespread outflow, which should be included in simulations. The cool gas in NGC 4666 wind has insufficient velocity to escape the halo of a galaxy of its mass, especially because most of the mass is present in the slower atomic phase. This strong biconical wind contributes to gas cycling around the galaxy.

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arXiv2025

WALLABY Pilot Survey: A gas-rich diffuse dwarf on the baryonic Tully Fisher relation

Diffuse dwarf galaxies, and particularly ultra diffuse galaxies (UDGs), challenge our understanding of galaxy formation and the role of dark matter due to their large sizes, low surface brightness, and varying dark matter content. In this work, we investigate the gas-rich diffuse dwarf galaxy WALLABY J125956-192430 (aka. KK176) using high-resolution HI data from the WALLABY survey. We produce the most reliable kinematic model for KK176 to date. Using this model, the derived mass decomposition shows that KK176 is dark matter dominated. We also place KK176 on the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation (bTFR), finding that it is consistent with low-mass dwarf galaxies but distinctly different from reported dark matter-deficient UDGs.

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arXiv2025

WALLABY Pilot Survey: kNN identification of perturbed galaxies through HI morphometrics

Galaxy morphology in stellar light can be described by a series of "non-parametric" or "morphometric" parameters, such as concentration-asymmetry-smoothness, Gini, $M_{20}$, and Sersic fit. These parameters can be applied to column density maps of atomic hydrogen (HI). The HI distribution is susceptible to perturbations by environmental effects, e.g. inter-galactic medium pressure and tidal interactions. Therefore, HI morphology can potentially identify galaxies undergoing ram-pressure stripping or tidal interactions. We explore three fields in the WALLABY Pilot HI survey and identify perturbed galaxies based on a k-nearest Neighbor (kNN) algorithm using an HI morphometric feature space. For training, we used labeled galaxies in the combined NGC 4808 and NGC 4636 fields with six HI morphometrics to train and test a kNN classifier. The kNN classification is proficient in classifying perturbed galaxies with all metrics -- accuracy, precision and recall -- at 70-80%. By using the kNN method to identify perturbed galaxies in the deployment field, the NGC 5044 mosaic, we find that in most regards, the scaling relations of perturbed and unperturbed galaxies have similar distribution in the scaling relations of stellar mass vs star formation rate and the Baryonic Tully-Fisher relation, but the HI and stellar mass relation flatter than of the unperturbed galaxies. Our results for NGC 5044 provide a prediction for future studies on the fraction of galaxies undergoing interaction in this catalogue and to build a training sample to classify such galaxies in the full WALLABY survey.

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arXiv2024

WALLABY Pilot Survey: Gas-Rich Galaxy Scaling Relations from Marginally-Resolved Kinematic Models

We present the first set of galaxy scaling relations derived from kinematic models of the Widefield ASKAP L-band Legacy All-sky Blind surveY (WALLABY) pilot phase observations. Combining the results of the first and second pilot data releases, there are 236 available kinematic models. We develop a framework for robustly measuring HI disk structural properties from these kinematic models; applicable to the full WALLABY survey. Utilizing this framework, we obtained the HI size, a measure of the rotational velocity, and angular momentum for 148 galaxies. These comprise the largest sample of galaxy properties from an untargetted, uniformly observed and modelled HI survey to date. We study the neutral atomic Hydrogen (HI) size-mass, size-velocity, mass-velocity, and angular momentum-mass scaling relations. We calculate the slope, intercept, and scatter for these scaling relations and find that they are similar to those obtained from other HI surveys. We also obtain stellar masses for 92 of the 148 robustly measured galaxies using multiband photometry through the Dark Energy Sky Instrument Legacy Imaging Survey Data Release-10 images. We use a subset of 61 of these galaxies that have consistent optical and kinematic inclinations to examine the stellar and baryonic Tully Fisher relations, the gas fraction-disk stability and gas fraction-baryonic mass relations. These measurements and relations demonstrate the unprecedented resource that WALLABY will represent for resolved galaxy scaling relations in HI.

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arXiv2024

The GECKOS Survey: Identifying kinematic sub-structures in edge-on galaxies

The vertical evolution of galactic discs is governed by the sub-structures within them. We examine the diversity of kinematic sub-structure present in the first 12 galaxies observed from the GECKOS survey, a VLT/MUSE large programme providing a systematic study of 36 edge-on, Milky Way-mass disc galaxies. Employing the nGIST analysis pipeline, we derive the mean line-of-sight stellar velocity ($V_{\star}$), velocity dispersion ($\sigma_{\star}$), skew ($h_{3}$), and kurtosis ($h_{4}$) for the sample, and examine 2D maps and 1D line profiles. Visually, the majority of this sample (8/12) are found to possess boxy-peanut bulges and host the corresponding kinematic structure predicted for stellar bars viewed in projection. Four galaxies exhibit strong evidence for the presence of nuclear discs, including central $h_{3}$-$V_{\star}$ sign mismatch, `croissant'-shaped central depressions in $\sigma_{\star}$ maps, strong gradients in $h_{3}$, and positive $h_{4}$ plateaus over the expected nuclear disc extent. The strength of the $h_{3}$ feature corresponds to the size of the nuclear disc, measured from the $h_{3}$ turnover radius. We can explain the features within the kinematic maps of all sample galaxies via disc structure(s) alone. We do not find any need to invoke the existence of dispersion-dominated bulges. Obtaining the specialised data products for this paper and the broader GECKOS survey required significant development of existing integral field spectroscopic (IFS) analysis tools. Therefore, we also present the nGIST pipeline: a modern, sophisticated, and easy-to-use pipeline for the analysis of galaxy IFS data. We conclude that the variety of kinematic sub-structures seen in GECKOS galaxies requires a contemporary view of galaxy morphology, expanding on the traditional view of galaxy structure, and uniting the kinematic complexity observed in the Milky Way with the extragalactic.

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arXiv2024

The discovery and evolution of a radio continuum and excited-OH spectral-line outburst in the nearby galaxy NGC 660

Arecibo 305-m Telescope observations between 2008 and 2018 detected a radio continuum and spectral-line outburst in the nearby galaxy, NGC 660. Excited-OH maser emission/absorption lines near 4.7 GHz, and H$_2$CO absorption at 4.83 GHz varied on time-scales of months. Simultaneously, a continuum outburst occurred in which a new compact component appeared, with a GHz-peaked spectrum and a 5-GHz flux density that rose to a peak value of about 500 mJy from 2008.0 to 2012.0. Follow-up interferometric continuum images from theVery Large Array (VLA) at 10 GHz of this new continuum component determined it to be located at the nucleus of NGC 660. Subsequent High Sensitivity Array (HSA) line and continuum VLBI observations of the NGC 660 nucleus revealed a morphology that appears to be consistent with rapidly-precessing, mildly-relativistic jets from the central black hole. While requiring detailed modeling, this strongly suggests that the outburst is due to nuclear activity. From its time-scale, the shape of the continuum light-curve, and the milliarcsec radio structure, the most likely cause of the outburst is AGN-type activity of accretion of a gas cloud onto the central black hole.

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arXiv2024

WALLABY Pilot Survey: Public data release of ~1800 HI sources and high-resolution cut-outs from Pilot Survey Phase 2

We present the Pilot Survey Phase 2 data release for the Wide-field ASKAP L-band Legacy All-sky Blind surveY (WALLABY), carried-out using the Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP). We present 1760 HI detections (with a default spatial resolution of 30") from three pilot fields including the NGC 5044 and NGC 4808 groups as well as the Vela field, covering a total of ~180 deg$^2$ of the sky and spanning a redshift up to $z \simeq 0.09$. This release also includes kinematic models for over 126 spatially resolved galaxies. The observed median rms noise in the image cubes is 1.7 mJy per 30" beam and 18.5 kHz channel. This corresponds to a 5$σ$ HI column density sensitivity of $\sim 9.1\times10^{19}(1 + z)^4$ cm$^{-2}$ per 30" beam and $\sim 20$ km/s channel, and a 5$σ$ HI mass sensitivity of $\sim 5.5\times10^8 (D/100$ Mpc)$^{2}$ M$_{\odot}$ for point sources. Furthermore, we also present for the first time 12" high-resolution images ("cut-outs") and catalogues for a sub-sample of 80 sources from the Pilot Survey Phase 2 fields. While we are able to recover sources with lower signal-to-noise ratio compared to sources in the Public Data Release 1, we do note that some data quality issues still persist, notably, flux discrepancies that are linked to the impact of side lobes associated with the dirty beams due to inadequate deconvolution. However, in spite of these limitations, the WALLABY Pilot Survey Phase 2 has already produced roughly a third of the number of HIPASS sources, making this the largest spatially resolved HI sample from a single survey to date.

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arXiv2024

The atomic gas sequence and mass-metallicity relation from dwarfs to massive galaxies

Galaxy scaling relations provide insights into the processes that drive galaxy evolution. The extension of these scaling relations into the dwarf galaxy regime is of particular interest. This is because dwarf galaxies represent a crucial stage in galaxy evolution, and understanding them could also shed light on their role in reionising the early Universe. There is currently no consensus on the processes that dominate the evolution of dwarfs. In this work we constrain the atomic gas sequence (stellar mass vs. atomic gas fraction) and mass-metallicity relation (stellar mass vs. gas phase metallicity) from dwarf ($10^{6.5}$ $\textrm{M}_{\odot}$) to massive ($10^{11.5}$ $\textrm{M}_{\odot}$) galaxies in the local Universe. The combined optical and 21-cm spectroscopic observations of the DESI and ALFALFA surveys allow us to simultaneously constrain both scaling relations. We find a slope change of the atomic gas sequence at a stellar mass of $\sim 10^{9} ~\textrm{M}_{\odot}$. We also find that the shape and scatter of the atomic gas sequence and mass-metallicity relation are strongly linked for both dwarfs and more massive galaxies. Consequently, the low mass slope change of the atomic gas sequence is imprinted onto the mass-metallicity relation of dwarf galaxies. The mass scale of the measured slope change is consistent with a predicted escape velocity threshold below which low mass galaxies experience significant supernova-driven gas loss, as well as with a reduction in cold gas accretion onto more massive galaxies.

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arXiv2024

WALLABY Pilot Survey: An 'Almost' Dark Cloud near the Hydra Cluster

We explore the properties of an 'almost' dark cloud of neutral hydrogen (HI) using data from the Widefield ASKAP L-band Legacy All-sky Survey (WALLABY). Until recently, WALLABY J103508-283427 (also known as H1032-2819 or LEDA 2793457) was not known to have an optical counterpart, but we have identified an extremely faint optical counterpart in the DESI Legacy Imaging Survey Data Release 10. We measured the mean g-band surface brightness to be $27.0\pm0.3$ mag arcsec$^{-2}$. The WALLABY data revealed the cloud to be closely associated with the interacting group Klemola 13 (also known as HIPASS J1034-28 and the Tol 9 group), which itself is associated with the Hydra cluster. In addition to WALLABY J103508-283427/H1032-2819, Klemola 13 contains ten known significant galaxies and almost half of the total HI gas is beyond the optical limits of the galaxies. By combining the new WALLABY data with archival data from the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA), we investigate the HI distribution and kinematics of the system. We discuss the relative role of tidal interactions and ram pressure stripping in the formation of the cloud and the evolution of the system. The ease of detection of this cloud and intragroup gas is due to the sensitivity, resolution and wide field of view of WALLABY, and showcases the potential of the full WALLABY survey to detect many more examples.

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arXiv2023

WALLABY Pre-Pilot Survey: Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies in the Eridanus Supergroup

We present a pilot study of the atomic neutral hydrogen gas (HI) content of ultra-diffuse galaxy (UDG) candidates. In this paper, we use the pre-pilot Eridanus field data from the Widefield ASKAP L-band Legacy All-sky Blind Survey (WALLABY) to search for HI in UDG candidates found in the Systematically Measuring Ultra-diffuse Galaxies survey (SMUDGes). We narrow down to 78 SMUDGes UDG candidates within the maximum radial extents of the Eridanus subgroups for this study. Most SMUDGes UDGs candidates in this study have effective radii smaller than 1.5 kpc and thus fail to meet the defining size threshold. We only find one HI detection, which we classify as a low-surface-brightness dwarf. Six putative UDGs are HI-free. We show the overall distribution of SMUDGes UDG candidates on the size-luminosity relation and compare them with low-mass dwarfs on the atomic gas fraction versus stellar mass scaling relation. There is no correlation between gas-richness and colour indicating that colour is not the sole parameter determining their HI content. The evolutionary paths that drive galaxy morphological changes and UDG formation channels are likely the additional factors to affect the HI content of putative UDGs. The actual numbers of UDGs for the Eridanus and NGC 1332 subgroups are consistent with the predicted abundance of UDGs and the halo virial mass relation, except for the NGC 1407 subgroup, which has a smaller number of UDGs than the predicted number. Different group environments suggest that these putative UDGs are likely formed via the satellite accretion scenario.

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arXiv2023

WALLABY Pilot Survey: the Potential Polar Ring Galaxies NGC~4632 and NGC~6156

We report on the discovery of two potential polar ring galaxies (PRGs) in the WALLABY Pilot Data Release 1 (PDR1). These untargetted detections, cross-matched to NGC 4632 and NGC 6156, are some of the first galaxies where the Hi observations show two distinct components. We used the iDaVIE virtual reality software to separate the anomalous gas from the galactic gas and find that the anomalous gas comprises ~ 50% of the total H i content of both systems. We have generated plausible 3D kinematic models for each galaxy assuming that the rings are circular and inclined at 90 degrees to the galaxy bodies. These models show that the data are consistent with PRGs, but do not definitively prove that the galaxies are PRGs. By projecting these models at different combinations of main disk inclinations, ring orientations, and angular resolutions in mock datacubes, we have further investigated the detectability of similar PRGs in WALLABY. Assuming that these galaxies are indeed PRGs, the detectability fraction, combined with the size distribution of WALLABY PDR1 galaxies, implies an incidence rate of ~ 1% - 3%. If this rate holds true, the WALLABY survey will detect hundreds of new polar ring galaxies.

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