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B. Fernández-Domínguez

Publications and source records attributed to B. Fernández-Domínguez.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Isotopic fission yields of ${}^{240}$Pu as a function of the excitation energy

Complete isotopic fission yields distributions of $^{240}$Pu have been measured as a function of the initial excitation energy. The $^{240}$Pu fissioning system was produced through a two-proton transfer reaction between a $^{238}$U beam and a $^{12}$C target. The reaction was measured in inverse kinematics at Coulomb barrier energies, allowing for the full distribution of fission fragments to be isotopically identified with the VAMOS++ Spectrometer. The excitation energy of the system was measured on an event-by-event basis by detecting the target-like recoil $^{10}$Be in a segmented silicon telescope. This manuscript reports on the evolution of the fission yields as a function of the excitation energy of the system between 8.2 to 11.9 MeV. The influence of the excitation energy is manifested in the damping of shell effects that feed the yields in the symmetry valley, as well as in a reduction of the neutron content of the fragments. This reduction, however, is observed only in the heavy fragment, while the neutron content of the light fragment remains unaffected. The comparison with previous measurements, models, and evaluations highlights the importance of correlated observables for improving fission models.

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Energy-differential measurement of the $^{\mathrm{nat}}$C(n,p) and $^{\mathrm{nat}}$C(n,d) reactions at the n_TOF facility at CERN

Energy-differential cross section of the $^{\mathrm{nat}}$C(n,p) and $^{\mathrm{nat}}$C(n,d) reactions was measured at the neutron time of flight facility n_TOF at CERN. The measurement was performed in the first experimental area (EAR1; flight path of 182.5 m). Two position-sensitive $ΔE$-$E$ silicon telescopes were used. Two naturally occurring carbon isotopes, $^{12}$C and $^{13}$C, contribute to the reactions on natural carbon, with the (n,p) reaction threshold at 13.7 MeV and the (n,d) threshold at 14.9 MeV (determined by the $^{12}$C isotope for both reactions). This paper provides the details of the analysis leading to the final results published previously as a Letter. The cross section results are reported up to 25 MeV. During the data analysis the population of the excited states in the daughter nuclei $^{11}$B, $^{12}$B, $^{13}$B had to be considered, requiring the adoption of the branching ratios and angular distributions of the emitted particles from an external source of information. TALYS-2.0 calculations were used as the main source and an in-depth analysis of the model-related uncertainties was performed. The n_TOF results are largely inconsistent with the major evaluation libraries. On the other hand, an unexpected agreement is found with TALYS-2.0 calculations. Specifically, the obtained cross section for the (n,p) reaction is significantly higher than in the available evaluations, fully supporting the earlier finding from an integral measurement at n_TOF.

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Quenching of the proton $\pi0p_{3/2}$-$\pi0p_{1/2}$ spin-orbit splitting in $^{20}$O and the effect of the tensor force

We present the first direct measurement of the Z=6 shell gap in the neutron-rich 20O nucleus. The one-proton removal transfer reaction 2H(20O,3He)19N has been studied using the ACTAR TPC setup at GANIL. The use of ACTAR TPC enabled the measurement of low-cross section proton-removal reactions while preserving resolution. Eight p-hole states with l=1 were identified in 19N accounting for total strengths of 86% and 72% of the 0p3/2 and 0p1/2 single-particle orbitals, respectively. The energies and spectroscopic factors of the measured states allowed to determine the proton spin-orbit splitting 0p3/2 - 0p1/2 in 20O. The Z=6 shell gap has been established to be 5.30(14) MeV. These findings indicate a reduction of the Z=6 shell gap while adding neutrons to the sd-valence orbitals, consistent with the effects of the tensor force predicted by state-of-the-art shell model interaction SFO-tls while at variance with the emergence of a large Z=6 gap observed in other studies.

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Constraining the $N=16$ Shell Gap in $^{17}$C via Transfer to the Continuum in the $^{16}$C$(d,p)^{17}$C Reaction

Recently, a semi-microscopic structure model has been presented to study the structure of a weakly-bound, two-body nucleus with a deformed core, including Pauli-blocking effects. The model has been successfully applied within the adiabatic distorted wave approximation (ADWA) reaction framework to study the reactions $^{16}$C(d, p)$^{17}$C, restricting the analysis to bound states of the residual $^{17}$C nucleus. In these calculations, the structure of $^{17}$C is described using the recently presented semimicroscopic Nilsson+AMD model (NAMD), considering different Pauli-blocking methods. In the present work, the analysis is extended to unbound states of this nucleus with the aim of constraining the location of the $1d_{3/2}$ single-particle strength and infer the $N=16$ shell-gap. Comparing the measured energy differential cross section for this reaction with calculations in which the position of the $1d_{3/2}$ orbital is arbitrarily varied, we conclude that a large shell-gap (>5 MeV) is required, in agreement with recently reported value from [J. Lois-Fuentes et al., Phys. Lett. B 867, 139600 (2025)].

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The dipole strength distribution of $^8$He and decay characteristics

The weak binding and spatially extended neutron densities characteristic of drip-line nuclei give rise to a distinctive low-energy dipole response. The drip-line nucleus $^8$He is the most neutron-rich bound nucleus with a mass-to-charge ratio of $A/Z=4$. We measure the dipole response of $^8$He, including for the first time the four-neutron decay channel. A total dipole strength of $\sum B(E1)(E^*<15$~MeV$)=0.95(16)~e^2$fm$^2$ and a dipole polarizability of $α_D = 0.61(1)$~fm$^3$ are extracted from the differential Coulomb-excitation cross section and compared to state-of-the-art theoretical calculations employing coupled cluster and three-body approaches. We find that the dipole continuum is dominated, even at high excitation energies well above the $4n$ decay threshold, by two-neutron emission, pointing to a $^6$He$+2n$ structure of the excited dipole mode. No indication was found for a $4n$ final-state correlation, while pronounced $nn$ and $^6$He-$n$ final-state correlations are apparent.

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First $^{94}$Nb($n,γ$) Measurement: Constraining the Nucleosynthetic Origin of $^{94}$Mo in Presolar Grains

Isotopic measurements of presolar silicon carbide grains from dying stars have revealed a puzzling overabundance of $^{94}$Mo that stellar nucleosynthesis models have failed to reproduce for two decades. This discrepancy challenged our understanding of the slow neutron-capture process ($s$-process) that forges approximately half of the elements heavier than iron. The key uncertainty lies at $^{94}$Nb, a radiactive branching point where competition between neutron capture and beta decay governs the $^{94}$Mo production, yet the neutron-capture cross section had never been measured. Here we report the first experimental determination of the $^{94}$Nb(n,$γ$)$^{95}$Nb cross section important for Mo isotopic abundances. The measurement was enabled by a coordinated effort involving high-purity target preparation at Institute of Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden, radioactive sample production at the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) Grenoble, radiochemical characterization at Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) Villigen, and the Time-of-Flight CERN n$\_$TOF facility using for the first time segmented total-energy detectors. Incorporation of the resulting Maxwellian-averaged cross section into fully coupled nucleosynthesis models of low-mass asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars brings them into agreement with the presolar grain data. These results remove a major nuclear-physics input uncertainty at the $^{94}$Nb branching point and provide a firmer foundation for understanding the origin of $^{94}$Mo in the solar system.

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Direct observation of three-neutron emission from $^7$He$^*$ and the search for the trineutron

Three-neutron emission from $^7$He has been directly measured for the first time, following neutron knockout from a $^8$He beam at 156 MeV/nucleon. A resonance-like structure at $2.08(4)$ MeV above the $^4$He+$3n$ threshold [$E_x=2.68(4)$ MeV] with a width of $3.9(2)$ MeV was observed and deduced to arise predominately from the predicted $J^π=3/2^{-}_2$ level. The three-neutron invariant-mass spectrum was reconstructed and found to peak at around 1 MeV and could, through complete simulations incorporating neutron-neutron correlations, be very well described by the sequential decay of $^7$He$^*$ via the $2_1^+$ excited state of $^6$He. No evidence was found for any significant three-neutron correlations beyond those expected from well-established two-body interactions, including a trineutron resonance.

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Direct transfer to $^{46,48}$K as a survey of the $π(s_{1/2})$$-ν(sdpf)$ interaction

The collapse of the canonical $N=28$ magic number in nuclei with $Z<20$ has drawn significant interest as it relates to the emergence of an island of inversion centered on $^{42}$Si and $^{44}$S. In particular, interactions between the $πs_{1/2}$ orbital -- empty in $^{42}$Si and full in $^{44}$S -- and the neutron orbitals just above and below the $N=28$ gap are expected to be critical in this region, but remain relatively unexplored. In this paper, we expand upon the results of our previous study of the direct transfer reaction $^{47}$K(d,p$γ$)$^{48}$K [C.\,J.~Paxman \textit{et al.}, Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 162504 (2025)] with the results of the complementary $^{47}$K(d,t$γ$)$^{46}$K reaction. Through this study, we present a comprehensive scan of the interaction between the critical $πs_{1/2}$ orbital and a broad range of neutron orbitals spanning nearly two full shells. We identify several discrepancies between the experimental results and state-of-the-art shell model calculations, which suggest a deficiency of the shell model to fully capture the complex proton configuration mixing in this region, highlighting a significant challenge for single-particle descriptions of the island of inversion.

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Radiative neutron capture cross section of $^{242}$Pu measured at n_TOF-EAR1 in the unresolved resonance region up to 600 keV

Accurate neutron capture cross sections are essential for the design and operation of fast reactors using MOX fuels. For $^{242}$Pu, the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) recommends 8--12% accuracy in the fast energy region (2--500 keV), compared to the current uncertainty of 35%. Moreover, integral experiments and previous measurements suggest the evaluated $^{242}$Pu(n,$γ$) cross section is overestimated, particularly in the JEFF-3.3 library, which shows a 14% overestimation between 1 keV and 1 MeV. Recent measurements from LANSCE reported a 20--30% reduction in the 1--40 keV range relative to evaluations. To solve these discrepancies, the $^{242}$Pu(n,$γ$) cross section was measured from 1 to 600 keV at CERN n_TOF-EAR1 facility using a 95(4) mg $^{242}$Pu target, enriched to 99.959%. Gamma rays from neutron capture were detected with an array of C$_6$D$_6$ scintillators and a novel application of the Pulse Height Weighting Technique was employed. The resulting cross section presents a systematic uncertainty between 8 and 12%, reducing the current uncertainties of 35\% and achieving the accuracy requested by the NEA. Analysis using FITACS produced average resonance parameters, consistent with the analysis of the resolved resonance region. Our data align well with Wisshak and Kaeppeler, and are 10--14\% lower than JEFF-3.3 in the 1--250 keV range, helping to achieve consistency with integral benchmarks. At higher energies, our results are in reasonable agreement with ENDF/B-VIII.1 and JEFF-3.3. In contrast, DANCE results appear to underestimate the cross section by a factor of 2--3 above a few keV.

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Measurement of the $^\text{nat}$C(n,p) and $^\text{nat}$C(n,d) reactions from n_TOF at CERN

The energy dependence of the cross section of the (n,p) and (n,d) reactions on $^\text{nat}$C has been studied for the first time at the n_TOF facility at CERN, from the particle detection threshold up to 25 MeV. The measurement was performed with two telescopes made of position-sensitive silicon $ΔE$-$E$ detectors, covering the angular range from 20° to 140°. A detector efficiency has been determined by means of Monte Carlo simulations of the experimental setup. Various assumptions on the angular distributions and branching ratios of the excited levels of the residual $^{11}$B, $^{12}$B, $^{13}$B nuclei were considered. In particular, theoretical calculations based on the TALYS-2.0 code were used and the systematic uncertainties in the analysis results were determined from the variations in these distributions. The n_TOF data on the (n,p) and (n,d) reaction on carbon are characterized by a higher accuracy and wider energy range than currently available in literature. A comparison with current evaluations from different libraries reveals a rather significant disagreement with the n_TOF results, while a remarkable agreement is observed with the prediction of TALYS-2.0 for this light element.

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Unbound neutron $\nu0d_{3/2}$ strength in $^{17}$C and the N=16 shell gap

Significant continuum strength has been observed to be populated in $^{17}$C produced in the d($^{16}$C,p) reaction at a beam energy of 17.2~MeV/nucleon. The strength appears at greater than $\sim$2~MeV above the single-neutron decay threshold and has been identified as arising from transfer into the neutron $0d_{3/2}$ orbital. Guided by shell model predictions the greater majority of the strength is associated with a 3/2$^+$ state at an excitation energy of 4.40$_{-0.14}^{+0.33}$ MeV and a much weaker 3/2$^+$ level at 5.60$_{-0.45}^{+1.35}$ MeV. The corresponding total widths were determined to be 3.45$_{-0.78}^{+1.82}$ and 1.6$_{-1.4}^{+4.6}$ MeV, respectively. From the backward angle proton differential cross sections and the branching ratios for neutron decay to the $^{16}$C(2$_{1}^{+}$) level, the corresponding spectroscopic factors to the ground state were deduced to be 0.47$\pm{10}$ and $<$0.09. Shell-model calculations employing the phenomenological SFO-tls interaction as well as Gamow Shell-Model calculations including continuum effects are in reasonable agreement with experiment, although the predicted strength lies at somewhat lower energy. The size of the N=16 shell gap ($\varepsilon_{ \nu0d_{3/2}}-\varepsilon _{ν1s_{1/2}}$) was estimated to be 5.08$_{-0.33}^{+0.43}$~MeV - some 1.3~MeV larger than found in the SFO-tls shell model calculation.

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Neutron capture measurements for s-process nucleosynthesis; A review about CERN n_TOF developments and contributions

This article presents a review about the main CERN n\_TOF contributions to the field of neutron-capture experiments of interest for $s$-process nucleosynthesis studies over the last 25 years, with special focus on the measurement of radioactive isotopes. A few recent capture experiments on stable isotopes of astrophysical interest are also discussed. Results on $s$-process branching nuclei are appropriate to illustrate how advances in detection systems and upgrades in the facility have enabled increasingly challenging experiments and, as a consequence, have led to a better understanding and modeling of the $s$-process mechanism of nucleosynthesis. New endeavors combining radioactive-ion beams from ISOLDE for the production of radioisotopically pure samples for activation experiments at the new NEAR facility at n\_TOF are briefly discussed. On the basis of these new exciting results, also current limitations of state-of-the-art TOF and activation techniques will be depicted, thereby showing the pressing need for further upgrades and enhancements on both facilities and detection systems. A brief account of the potential technique based on inverse kinematics for direct neutron-capture measurements is also presented.

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Probing exotic cross-shell interactions at N=28 with single-neutron transfer on 47K

We present the first measurement of the $^{47}$K($d,pγ$)$^{48}$K transfer reaction, performed in inverse kinematics using a reaccelerated beam of $^{47}$K. The level scheme of $^{48}$K has been greatly extended with nine new bound excited states identified and spectroscopic factors deduced. Detailed comparisons with SDPF-U and SDPF-MU shell-model calculations reveal a number of discrepancies with these results, and a preference for SDPF-MU is found. Intriguingly, an apparent systematic overestimation of spectroscopic factors and a poor reproduction of the energies for 1$^-$ states suggests that the mixing between the $πs^{\,\,\,1}_{1/2} d^{\,\,\,4}_{3/2}$ and $πs^{\,\,\,2}_{1/2} d^{\,\,\,3}_{3/2}$ proton configurations in $^{48}$K is not correctly described using current interactions, challenging our descriptions of light $N=28$ nuclei.

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Towards a new generation of solid total-energy detectors for neutron-capture time-of-flight experiments with intense neutron beams

Challenging neutron-capture cross-section measurements of small cross sections and samples with a very limited number of atoms require high-flux time-of-flight facilities. In turn, such facilities need innovative detection setups that are fast, have low sensitivity to neutrons, can quickly recover from the so-called $γ$-flash, and offer the highest possible detection sensitivity. In this paper, we present several steps toward such advanced systems. Specifically, we describe the performance of a high-sensitivity experimental setup at CERN n\_TOF EAR2. It consists of nine sTED detector modules in a compact cylindrical configuration, two conventional used large-volume C$_{6}$D$_{6}$ detectors, and one LaCl$_{3}$(Ce) detector. The performance of these detection systems is compared using $^{93}$Nb($n$,$γ$) data. We also developed a detailed \textsc{Geant4} Monte Carlo model of the experimental EAR2 setup, which allows for a better understanding of the detector features, including their efficiency determination. This Monte Carlo model has been used for further optimization, thus leading to a new conceptual design of a $γ$ detector array, STAR, based on a deuterated-stilbene crystal array. Finally, the suitability of deuterated-stilbene crystals for the future STAR array is investigaged experimentally utilizing a small stilbene-d12 prototype. The results suggest a similar or superior performance of STAR with respect to other setups based on liquid-scintillators, and allow for additional features such as neutron-gamma discrimination and a higher level of customization capability.

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Pushing the high count rate limits of scintillation detectors for challenging neutron-capture experiments

One of the critical aspects for the accurate determination of neutron capture cross sections when combining time-of-flight and total energy detector techniques is the characterization and control of systematic uncertainties associated to the measuring devices. In this work we explore the most conspicuous effects associated to harsh count rate conditions: dead-time and pile-up effects. Both effects, when not properly treated, can lead to large systematic uncertainties and bias in the determination of neutron cross sections. In the majority of neutron capture measurements carried out at the CERN n\_TOF facility, the detectors of choice are the C$_{6}$D$_{6}$ liquid-based either in form of large-volume cells or recently commissioned sTED detector array, consisting of much smaller-volume modules. To account for the aforementioned effects, we introduce a Monte Carlo model for these detectors mimicking harsh count rate conditions similar to those happening at the CERN n\_TOF 20~m fligth path vertical measuring station. The model parameters are extracted by comparison with the experimental data taken at the same facility during 2022 experimental campaign. We propose a novel methodology to consider both, dead-time and pile-up effects simultaneously for these fast detectors and check the applicability to experimental data from $^{197}$Au($n$,$γ$), including the saturated 4.9~eV resonance which is an important component of normalization for neutron cross section measurements.

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First measurement of the $^{94}$Nb($n$,$γ$) cross section at the CERN n\_TOF facility

One of the crucial ingredients for the improvement of stellar models is the accurate knowledge of neutron capture cross-sections for the different isotopes involved in the $s$-,$r$- and $i$- processes. These measurements can shed light on existing discrepancies between observed and predicted isotopic abundances and help to constrain the physical conditions where these reactions take place along different stages of stellar evolution.In the particular case of the radioactive $^{94}$Nb, the $^{94}$Nb($n$,$γ$) cross-section could play a role in the determination of the $s$-process production of $^{94}$Mo in AGB stars, which presently cannot be reproduced by state-of-the-art stellar models. There are no previous $^{94}$Nb($n$,$γ$) experimental data for the resolved and unresolved resonance regions mainly due to the difficulties in producing high-quality samples and also due to limitations in conventional detection systems commonly used in time-of-flight experiments.Motivated by this situation, a first measurement of the $^{94}$Nb($n$,$γ$) reaction was carried out at CERN n\_TOF, thereby exploiting the high luminosity of the EAR2 area in combination with a new detection system of small-volume C6D6-detectors and a high quality $^{94}$Nb-sample. The latter was based on hyper-pure $^{93}$Nb material activated at the high-flux reactor of ILL-Grenoble. An innovative ring-configuration detection system in close geometry around the capture sample allowed us to significantly enhance the signal-to-background ratio. This set-up was supplemented with two conventional C$_{6}$D$_{6}$ detectors and a high-resolution LaCl$_{3}$(Ce)-detector, which will be employed for addressing reliably systematic effects and uncertainties.At the current status of the data analysis, 18 resonance in $^{94}$Nb+$n$ have been observed for the first time in the neutron energy range from thermal up to 10 keV.

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Cross-shell states in $^{15}$C: a test for p-sd interactions

The low-lying structure of $^{15}$C has been investigated via the neutron-removal $^{16}$C$(d,t)$ reaction. Along with bound neutron sd-shell hole states, unbound p-shell hole states have been firmly confirmed. The excitation energies and the deduced spectroscopic factors of the cross-shell states are an important measure of the $[(p)^{-1}(sd)^{2}]$ neutron configurations in $^{15}$C. Our results show a very good agreement with shell-model calculations using the SFO-tls interaction for $^{15}$C. However, a modification of the $p$-$sd$ and $sd$-$sd$ monopole terms was applied in order to reproduce the $N=9$ isotone $^{17}$O. In addition, the excitation energies and spectroscopic factors have been compared to the first calculations of $^{15}$C with the $ab~ initio$ self-consistent Green's function method employing the NNLO$_{sat}$ interaction. The results show the sensitivity to the size of the $N=8$ shell gap and highlight the need of going beyond the current truncation scheme in the theory.

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Measurement of the $^{14}$N(n,p)$^{14}$C cross section at the CERN n_TOF facility from sub-thermal energy to 800 keV

Background: The $^{14}$N(n,p)$^{14}$C reaction is of interest in neutron capture therapy, where nitrogen-related dose is the main component due to low-energy neutrons, and in astrophysics, where 14N acts as a neutron poison in the s-process. Several discrepancies remain between the existing data obtained in partial energy ranges: thermal energy, keV region and resonance region. Purpose: Measuring the 14N(n,p)14C cross section from thermal to the resonance region in a single measurement for the first time, including characterization of the first resonances, and providing calculations of Maxwellian averaged cross sections (MACS). Method: Time-of-flight technique. Experimental Area 2 (EAR-2) of the neutron time-of-flight (n_TOF) facility at CERN. $^{10}$B(n,$α$)$^7$Li and $^{235}$U(n,f) reactions as references. Two detection systems running simultaneously, one on-beam and another off-beam. Description of the resonances with the R-matrix code sammy. Results: The cross section has been measured from sub-thermal energy to 800 keV resolving the two first resonances (at 492.7 and 644 keV). A thermal cross-section (1.809$\pm$0.045 b) lower than the two most recent measurements by slightly more than one standard deviation, but in line with the ENDF/B-VIII.0 and JEFF-3.3 evaluations has been obtained. A 1/v energy dependence of the cross section has been confirmed up to tens of keV neutron energy. The low energy tail of the first resonance at 492.7 keV is lower than suggested by evaluated values, while the overall resonance strength agrees with evaluations. Conclusions: Our measurement has allowed to determine the $^{14}$N(n,p) cross-section over a wide energy range for the first time. We have obtained cross-sections with high accuracy (2.5 %) from sub-thermal energy to 800 keV and used these data to calculate the MACS for kT = 5 to kT = 100 keV.

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