arXiv subjects
Publications and source records attributed to B. Fort.
We present the first results on the VLT/FORS-1 spectroscopic survey of amplified sources and multiple images in the lensing cluster AC114. Background sources were selected in the cluster core, close to the critical lines, using photometric redshifts combined with lensing inversion criteria. Spectroscopic results are given, together with a brief summary of the properties of some of these high-z galaxies.
We review the use of photometric redshifts in the particular context of Gravitational Telescopes. We discuss on the possible application of such a technique to the study of both the faint population of distant sources and the properties of cluster lenses. Photometric reshifts could be used to derive the redshift distribution and properties of a very faint subsample of high-z lensed galaxies, otherwise out of reach. Concerning the mass distribution in lensing clusters, photometric reshifts are strongly needed to scale the mass in weak lensing analysis, and to characterize the lensing structure.
We report the detection of a significant (5.5 sigma) excess of correlations between galaxy ellipticities at scales ranging from 0.5 to 3.5 arc-minutes. This detection of a gravitational lensing signal by large-scale structure was made using a composite high quality imaging survey of 6300 arcmin^2 obtained at the Canada France Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) with the UH8K and CFH12K panoramic CCD cameras. The amplitude of the excess correlation is 2.2\pm 0.2 % at 1 arcmin scale, in agreement with theoretical predictions of the lensing effect induced by large-scale structure.We provide a quantitative analysis of systematics which could contribute to the signal and show that the net effect is small and can be corrected for. We show that the measured ellipticity correlations behave as expected for a gravitational shear signal. The relatively small size of our survey precludes tight constraints on cosmological models. However the data are in favor of cluster normalized cosmological models, and marginally reject Cold Dark Matter models with (Omega=0.3, sigma_8<0.6) or (Omega=1, sigma_8=1). The detection of cosmic shear demonstrates the technical feasibility of using weak lensing surveys to measure dark matter clustering and the potential for cosmological parameter measurements, in particular with upcoming wide field CCD cameras.
We discuss the first results obtained on the study of a sample of high-z galaxies (2 < z < 7), using the gravitational amplification effect in the core of lensing clusters. Sources are located close to the critical lines in clusters with well constrained mass distributions, and selected through photometric redshifts, computed on a large wavelength domain, and lens inversion techniques.
We present a gravitational lensing analysis of the cluster of galaxies MS 1008-1224 (z=0.30), based on very deep observations obtained using the VLT with FORS and ISAAC during the science verification phase. We reconstructed the projected mass distribution from B,V,R,I bands using two different methods independently. The mass maps are remarkably similar, which confirm that the PSF correction worked well. The ISAAC and FORS data were combined to measure the photometric redshifts and constrain the redshift distribution of the lensed sources. The total mass inferred from weak shear is 2.3 10^{14} h^{-1} Mo on large scales, in agreement with the X-ray mass. The measured mass profile is well fit by both Navarro, Frenk and White and isothermal sphere with core radius models although the NFW is slightly better. In the inner regions, the lensing mass is about 2 times higher than the X-ray mass, which supports the view that complex physical processes in the innermost parts of clusters are responsible for the X-ray/lensing mass discrepancy. The central part of the cluster is composed of two mass peaks whose the center of mass is 15 arcsecond north of the cD galaxy. This provides an explanation for the 15 arcsecond offset between the cD and the center of the X-ray map reported elsewhere. The optical, X-ray and the mass distributions show that MS 1008-1224 is composed of many subsystems which are probably undergoing a merger. MS 1008-1224 shows a remarkable case of cluster-cluster lensing. The photometric redshifts show an excess of galaxies located 30 arcseconds south-west of the cD galaxy at a redshift of about 0.9 which is lensed by MS 1008-1224. These results show the importance of getting BVRIJK images silmultenously. The VLT is a unique tool to provide such datasets.
We present a new geometrical method which uses weak gravitational lensing effects in clusters to constrain the cosmological parameters Omega and Lambda. On each background galaxy, a cluster induces a convergence and a shear terms, which depend on the cluster projected potential, and on the cosmological parameters (Omega,Lambda), through the angular distance ratio D_{LS}/D_{OS}. To disentangle the effects of these three quantities, we compare the relative values of the ellipticities for each triplet of galaxies located at about the same position in the lens plane, but having different color redshifts. The simultaneous knowledge of the ellipticities and photometric redshifts enable to build a purely geometrical estimator of (Omega,Lambda) which does not depend on the lens potential.A calculation and comparison of each source of statistical noise is performed. We also analyzed the systematics.Simulations lead to encouraging constraints on the curvature of the Universe and can discriminate an open from a flat Universe. The test can also provide constraints on Lambda. By using 20 VLT nights to observe 100 clusters, we can reach Lambda_{-0.2}^{+0.3} for Ω+Λ=1, or Omega_{-0.25}^{+0.3} for Λ=0. The method is even better adapted to a large program on the NGST.
We report on further observations of the luminous halo of NGC 5907. New V, I and B deep photometry confirms the existence of an extended stellar halo redder than the disk. Our data are consistent with a faint halo, or very thick disk, composed of a metal-rich old stellar population. We propose that it could be the remnant of a merged small elliptical, and we support our hypothesis with N-body simulations.
The case for a flat Cold Dark Matter model with a positive cosmological constant $Λ$ has been recently strongly advocated by some theoreticians. In this paper we give the observers point of view to the light of the most recent observations with a special emphasis on lensing tests. We confirm the apparent cosmic concordance for a flat Universe with $Ω_Λ$ close to 0.6 but we note that a low mass density open universe with no cosmological constant is still quite acceptable for most of the reliable observational tests, including lensing tests as well.
We present evidence for a coherent shear signal in a field containing the z=1.2 radio-source PKS1508-05. Since there were no intervening mass concentrations known before targeting this field, we interpret this signal as due to weak lensing by large-scale structure. This result is the outcome of a re-analysis of the observations of Fort et al. (1996) in the fields of three high redshift QSO/radio-sources. Several tests of the robustness of the signal were performed: subdivision of the field and tests using simulated data with randomized ellipticity orientation; using the pixel-to-pixel autocorrelation function method to measure the shear; using the correlation function of the galaxy ellipticities with bootstrap resampling to estimate errors and to find the typical angular separation that dominates the signal. We find that the field of PKS1508-05 contains a robust shear signal that is coherent over the 2' by 2' field. The signal is detected at a high level of significance (99.6%) using the tests described above. The amplitude of the shear on a scale of 1' is about 3%, which is consistent with theoretical expectations from weak lensing by large-scale structure.
The gravitational lensing effect is one of the most promising tools for cosmology. Indeed it probes directly the total mass distribution in large-scale structures and can as well provide valuable informations on the values of the density parameter Omega and the cosmological constant lambda. In this review we summarize the most spectacular observational and theoretical advances obtained in this field during the last five years.
Recent weak lensing observations have pushed the use of 4 meter-class telescopes to the limits of their capabilities with exposure times exceeding several hours. The leading idea is that the surface density of faint galaxies up to very faint magnitude ($B > 28-30$) raises continuously thus potentially offering a dense template of distant sources whose intensity contrast is at the sky noise level. In complement to the Peter Schneider's presentation on dark matter search from weak lensing (this conference), we review some of these recent advances in weak lensing analysis based on this extreme faint population of galaxies in order to explore: the dark matter distribution on large scales, the redshift ditribution of lensed sources at very large distance, and eventually the values of cosmological parameters. For each observational topic we will briefly discuss these new methods as compare to more classical lensing studies as well as the possible VLT scientific impact in the domain.
Using long exposures taken in the V and I bands with a 4096$\times$4096 pixel CCD array at the prime focus of the Canada-France-Hawaii telescope, we have confirmed the discovery by Sackett et al. (1994) of a flat, faint luminous halo around the edge-on Sc galaxy NGC$\thinspace$5907. This halo is redder than the disk. Its nature is still an observational challenge. We suggest however that its color can only be accounted for by stars less massive than 0.8 $M_{\odot}$. Their total mass in NGC$\thinspace$5907 is very uncertain, but it might possibly account for the excess dynamical mass in this galaxy. Alternatively their distribution might trace the dark potential without contributing signifi- cantly to the mass. We give upper limits to the extinction by an hypothetical dust in the halo.
We analyse the surface density of very faint galaxies at the limit of the sky background noise in the field of the cluster of galaxies Cl0024+1654. The radial variation of their number density in the magnitude bins $B=26-28$ and $I=24-26.5$ displays an (anti)bias magnification effect for $I < 24$ which provides the redshift range of the populations seen in $B$ and $I$. The depletion curve can be reproduced with two redshift populations with $60% \pm 10%$ of the $B$ galaxies between $z=0.9$ and $z=1.1$ and the remaining at a redshift close to $z=3$. The $I$ selected population is similar but with a minimum extending from the $B$ inner critical line to $R_I=60"$. Whatever the cosmological model, the $I$-selected galaxies spread up to a larger redshift with about 20% above $z > 4$. Using a model for the gravitational potential, the locations of the two extreme critical lines for the B and I galaxies favour $Ω_Λ$-dominated flat universes with a cosmological constant ranging from 0.6 to 0.9. The result is confirmed by a preliminary investigation of A370. We discuss the method to search the "last critical line" and the various biases.
A new method for measuring the shear induced by gravitational light deflection is proposed. It is based on analyzing the anisotropy induced in the auto-correlation function (ACF) of the extragalactic background light which is produced by very faint distant galaxies. The ACF can be measured `locally', and its anisotropy is caused by the tidal gravitational field of the deflecting mass distribution in the foreground of these faint background galaxies. Since the method does not require individual galaxy detection, it can be used to measure the shear of extremely faint galaxies which are not detectable individually, but are present in the noise. The shear estimated from the ACF of the noise provides an independent measurement which can be compared to the shear obtained from the distortion of individual galaxy images. Combining these two independent estimates clearly increases the sensitivity of shear measurements. In addition, our method may allow to determine the local magnification caused by the deflector if the auto-correlation function is caused by a large number density of faint galaxies; in this case, the intrinsic ACF may provide a `standard source' with respect to which shear and magnification can be obtained. Applications to real and synthetic data are shown and the feasibility of our new method is demonstrated. In particular, we present the shear maps obtained with our method for the double QSO 2345+007 and the cluster Cl0024+16 and compare them to published shear maps.
We present a first attempt to reveal the possible existence of large foreground mass condensations directly responsible for the gravitational magnification of four distant luminous radiosources and one optical QSO. The technique uses a weak lensing analysis of the distant galaxies in the field of each source. We find a coherent shear map with a large magnification bias on the line of sight to Q1622+0328. The local shear in the field of the bright radiosources is also often correlated with nearby groups or poor clusters of galaxies. For three of them, the groups are identified as gravitational deflectors that magnify the radiosources. This suggests that a substantial amount of invisible mass is condensed in groups and poor clusters It may explain the origin of a large angular correlation between the distribution of distant radiosources and the distribution of low redshift galaxies. We discuss the feasability and consequences of a future systematic survey to investigate the problem of magnification bias in the fields of luminous distant objects and to probe the mass distributions of galaxy groups at intermediate redshifts.